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. 2021 May 19;11:10605. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-88309-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Mean and variance of portfolio effectiveness for each NPI and for countries. (A) Mean and variance of aggregated effectiveness across time and countries; 8 themes are shown in red circles. The black line and gray area represent the regression line and corresponding confidence interval, respectively. Note that both axes are shown in log10-scale. (B) Mean and variance of portfolio effectiveness. 50 countries are shown in red circles with their ISO codes. The gray dashed line represents an empirical Pareto frontier where variance and mean of portfolio effectiveness is the risk level and the expected return, respectively. Note that both axes are shown in log10-scale.