FIGURE 3.

Effects of osthole (OST) on recognition memory (A) in the novel object recognition Test (NORT), and spatial learning and memory in Morris Water Maze (MWM) test (B–F) in OVX mice. The NORT showed that OVX did not lead to impairment in short-term memory as the time spent in exploring the novel object was not different between the groups (A). (B–F) OVX mice showed an increase in latency (spent more time) in finding the platform during the training days (days 3–5), whereas treatment with OST did not alter latency in finding the platform (B). OVX and OST did not have any effect on the swim speed among the three groups (C). OVX mice traveled more distance before finding the platform, while treatment with OST reduced the distance traveled during training on day-3–5 (D). OVX mice made fewer platform crossings (E) and spent less time in the target quadrant on the test day 6 (F). The OVX-mediated decrease in the number of platform area crossings and time spent in target quadrant was reversed by OST treatment (E,F). Data are represented as mean ± SEM (n = 15). *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.