Table 2.
Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance
| Type | Study | Condition | Treatment | Results | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal | C57BL/6 (age 6 weeks) | HFD | Ginsenoside Rg3 I.P. (1 mg/kg/day) 8 weeks |
weight↓, GTT↓, ITT↓, pAkt↑, blood FFA↓, pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β)↓ in white fat tissue, TG↓, pSTAT5↓, PPARγ↓ | [60] |
| OLETF rat | Type 2 diabetes | KRG (200 and 400 mg/kg/day) 180 days |
weight↓, plasma glucose level↓, EF and FS level↑, MDA↓, GPx activity↑ | [61] | |
| C57BL/KsJ db/db (age 4 weeks) | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | KRG powder oral gavage (100 mg/kg/day) 12 weeks |
Fasting glucose level↓, HbA1c↓, insulin↓, LDL cholesterol↓, mitochondria DNA copy number↑, inflammatory marker (IL-6, COX-2, CRP)↓ | [62] | |
| Wister rat | 50 mg/kg STZ I.P. induced diabetes | Ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 oral gavage (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg/day) |
Water intake and urine excretion level↓, serum glucose and serum glycosylated protein level↓, protein expressions related to the oxidative stress-induced damage (NK-кBp65, COX-2, iNOS, and 3-nitrotyrosine)of renal tissue↓, NMDA-NR1↓ | [47] | |
| B6.V-Lepob, ‘ob/ob’ (age 24 weeks) | Leptin knock-out induced obesity and diabetes | KRG extract (0.5%, 1% containing in drinking water) 16 weeks |
Weight↓, blood glucose level↓, serum contents (triglycerides, total cholesterol, free fatty acids)↓, expressions of IR, LPL, and GLUT1 in muscle↑, expression of IR and LPL in liver↑ | [73] | |
| Human | 70 patients | Type 2 diabetes | KRG extract tablet 3 g/day 24 weeks | Fasting insulin level↓, HOMA-IR↓, CPT of Lex↓ | [74] |
| 60 patients | Type 2 diabetes (fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL) | KRG capsule 5 g/day 12 weeks |
Serum glucose and whole blood glucose↓, C-peptide↓, HOMA-IR↓, insulin↓ | [75] |
HFD, high fat diet; KRG, Korean Red Ginseng; GTT, glucose tolerance test; ITT, insulin tolerance test; pAkt, phosphatidyl protein kinase B; FFA, free fatty acid; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL, interleukin; TG, triglyceride; pSTAT5, phosphatidyl signal transducer and activator of transcription 5; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-gamma; OLETF rat, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rat; EF, ejection fraction; FS, fractional shortening; MDA, malondialdehyde; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; LDL, low density lipoprotein; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; CRP, C-reactive protein; STZ, streptozotocin; I.P., intraperitoneal injection; NF-кB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; NMDA-NR1, N-methyl-D-aspartate NR1; IR, insulin resistance; LPL, lipoprotein lipase; GLUT1, Glucose transporter type 1; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index; CPT, current perception threshold; Lex, lower extremities.