Table 1.
Associations between probable coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in April 2020 and psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) ‘case’) up to 7 months later stratified by age group and gendera
| 1 month later (May 2020) |
2 months later (June 2020) |
3 months later (July 2020) |
5 months later (September 2020) |
7 months later (November 2020) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | |||||
| No likely infection (reference) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Probable infection,b OR (95% CI) | 1.39** (1.10–1.76) | 1.38* (1.05–1.81) | 1.31 (0.99–1.72) | 1.42* (1.05–1.92) | 1.47* (1.04–2.07) |
| n | 12 492 | 11 949 | 11 563 | 11 009 | 10 379 |
| By gender | |||||
| Men, OR (95% CI) | 1.52* (1.05–2.20) | 1.57* (1.04–2.37) | 1.43 (0.91–2.24) | 1.36 (0.88–2.12) | 1.77** (1.20–2.61) |
| n | 5138 | 4908 | 4759 | 4556 | 4283 |
| Women, OR (95% CI) | 1.30 (0.98–1.75) | 1.31 (0.94–1.81) | 1.25 (0.86–1.82) | 1.46 (0.98–2.19) | 1.30 (0.82–2.07) |
| n | 7279 | 6969 | 6730 | 6379 | 6022 |
| By age group | |||||
| Under 45 years, OR (95% CI) | 1.51* (1.07–2.13) | 1.43 (0.91–2.26) | 1.20 (0.80–1.78) | 1.39 (0.89–2.18) | 1.74* (1.02–2.95) |
| n | 3426 | 3169 | 2996 | 2735 | 2481 |
| 45–64 years, OR (95% CI) | 1.24 (0.81–1.90) | 1.39 (0.87–2.22) | 1.38 (0.85–2.25) | 1.53 (0.94–2.49) | 1.27 (0.67–2.38) |
| n | 5279 | 5045 | 4924 | 4724 | 4485 |
| ≥65 years, OR (95% CI) | 1.16 (0.52–2.58) | 1.14 (0.63–2.04) | 1.33 (0.68–2.60) | 1.23 (0.52–2.92) | 1.14 (0.59–2.20) |
| n | 3547 | 3511 | 3432 | 3329 | 3203 |
a.
Results for each time point include people who participated in wave 9, April 2020 and the respective follow-up wave from May to November 2020.
b.
Adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, limiting long-standing illness, GHQ-12 at wave 9 (2017–19).
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.