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Post-hoc analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the end-to-end models: P values of two-tailed paired t tests for each pair of models.
| End-to-end models | PWEa+rules, P value | (PWE+CEb)+rules, P value | (PWE+SFEc)+rules, P value |
| RIWEd+rules | .01 | .01 | .03 |
| PWE+rules | N/Ae | .99 | .99 |
| (PWE+CE)+rules | N/A | N/A | .99 |
aPWE: pretrained word embeddings.
bCE: character embedding.
cSFE: semantic-feature embeddings.
dRIWE: randomly initialized word embeddings.
eN/A: not applicable.
