Table 1.

Common non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection syndromes.

Clinical Syndrome	Most Common Species	Other Species	Risk Factors/ Associations
Pulmonary44, [110]	MAC M. kansasii	M. abscessus M. fortuitum M. szulgai M. xenopi M. celatum M. asiaticum M. shimoidei	α1-Antitrypsin deficiency Ciliary dyskinesia Cystic fibrosis GERD Bronchiectasis Pulmonary histoplasmosis Low BMI with scoliosis, pectus excavatum, mitral valve prolapse Smoking or heavy alcohol use (M. malmoense) Lymphopenia
		M. malmoense (Scandinavian Peninsula; Northern Europe)
Cervical Lymphadenitis3, [4], [111]	MAC M. scrofulaceum	M. malmoense	Children; 1–5 yrs Men with lung cancer
Skin, soft tissue infection	M. ulcerans M. kansasii	M. szulgai MAC	Bathing in water from bore holes insect bites Possible association with pedicures
Tenosynovitis	M. marinum* MAC M. abscessus	M. terrae M. szulgai M. malmoense M. xenopi	*Exposure to fish tanks or other contaminated marine water sources
Bone disease [112], [113]	M. kansasii M. fortuitum	MAC M. xenopi M. chelonae M. abscessus	May occur via direct trauma or hematogenous seeding
Disseminated disease [114], [115] FUO BSI Abscesses Peritonitis	MAC	M. kansasii M. chelonae M. abscessus M. haemophilum M. scrofulaceum M. malmoense	Severe Immunosuppression: HIV infection/AIDS (CD4 count <50 cells) SOT or stem cell transplant long-term, high dose steroids

Abbreviations: BMI – Body Mass Index, BSI – Blood Stream Infection, FUO – Fever of Unknown Origin, HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus, MAC – Mycobacterium Avium Complex, SOT – Solid Organ Transplant.