Table 2.

Clinical syndromes associated with non-tuberculous mycobacteria.

Clinical Syndrome	Common Species	Features	Risk Factors/Associations
Prosthetic valve endocarditis [116], [117]	M. chimaera	Presents months to years after index surgery	Cardiac surgery or LVAD
Buruli Ulcer (cutaneous/subcutaneous granulomatous lesion)	M. ulcerans	Areas of body with skin temperatures <30 °C	Common in Central Africa, Asia, South America
Fish tank or swimming pool granuloma (Fish Fancier’s Finger)	M. marinum	Preferential growth in cooler temperatures (27–32 °C)	Exposure to fish tanks or other contaminated marine water sources from direct inoculation
Lady Windermere Syndrome [44] (fibronodular pulmonary disease)	MAC M. fortuitum M. chelonae M. abscessus	“Tree-in-bud” pattern preferentially affecting RML or lingula on CT chest	Women over 50 years; Non-smokers
Hot tub lung [35] (Hypersensitivity lung disease)	MAC M. fortuitum M. immunogenum	CT chest mimics hypersensitivity pneumonitis	Indoor hot tub use
CLABSI [118]	M. mucogenicum		Long term central catheters; contaminated water source
Postoperative wound infection [119]	M. fortuitum M. chelonae M. abscessus		Cosmetic surgery
Peritoneal dialysis associated infection [120]	M. fortuitum M. chelonae M. abscessus

Abbreviations: CLABSI – Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infections, CT – Computed Tomography, LVAD – Left Ventricular Assist Device, MAC – Mycobacterium Avium Complex, RML – Right Middle Lobe.