Fig. 1.

Pathway representation of metabolism model. Three distinct areas in the cell are represented: cytoplasm, lysosome, and nucleus. Key components in the insulin/IGF-1/mTOR signaling pathway are represented in brown, components in the Preiss-Handler and salvage pathways are in blue, and AMPK, which couples the two major pathways, is in green. Some proteins may be activated by AAs, such as leucine (blue circles) and arginine (red circles), and insulin (green triangles). AA sensors (e.g., sestrin2) are represented in white rounded rectangles. Solid arrows represent biochemical reactions, dashed arrows represent protein translocation