Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Type 1 DM (n = 17,649) | Type 2 DM (n = 116,746) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N avail | Mean ± SD or % | N avail | Mean ± SD or % | |
| Age, years | 17,649 | 45.0 ± 18.4 | 116,746 | 67.8 ± 13.8 |
| Gender, male | 17,649 | 53.7 | 116,746 | 55.4 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 16,708 | 25.9 ± 5.6 | 107,490 | 31.3 ± 7.1 |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 17,649 | 15.9 ± 15.3 | 116,746 | 10.0 ± 9.4 |
| HbA1c, % | 17,649 | 8.3 ± 2.1 | 116,746 | 7.8 ± 2.0 |
| mmol/mol | 17,649 | 67.7 ± 23.2 | 116,746 | 61.3 ± 22.2 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 16,717 | 129.2 ± 17.0 | 111,354 | 135.2 ± 18.6 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 16,644 | 77.1 ± 10.2 | 110,936 | 77.4 ± 11.1 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 6,355 | 17.7 | 36,681 | 8.7 |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 17,649 | 27.2 | 116,746 | 37.2 |
| Lipid metabolism disorders | 10,880 | 41.8 | 77,081 | 53.4 |
| History of CV disease | 17,649 | 11.9 | 116,746 | 29.3 |
| Coronary artery disease | 17,649 | 6.0 | 116,746 | 16.8 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 17,649 | 5.7 | 116,746 | 12.1 |
| Heart failure | 17,649 | 2.9 | 116,746 | 12.4 |
| Myocardial infarction | 17,649 | 2.7 | 116,746 | 7.4 |
| Stroke | 17,649 | 2.9 | 116,746 | 7.5 |
| PCI/Stent | 17,649 | 0.5 | 116,746 | 1.6 |
| eGFR (CKD-EPI), mL/min/1.73 m2 | 14,396 | 92.7 ± 28.6 | 106,692 | 68.3 ± 27.1 |
| ≥ 60 | 14,396 | 86.4 | 106,692 | 61.4 |
| 45 to 59 | 14,396 | 6.3 | 106,692 | 16.1 |
| 30 to 44 | 14,396 | 3.7 | 106,692 | 13.1 |
| 15–29 | 14,396 | 2.0 | 106,692 | 7.2 |
| < 15 | 14,396 | 1.6 | 106,692 | 2.2 |
| Albuminuria determination | ||||
| Albumin | 9,917 | 56.2 | 64,403 | 55.2 |
| Albumin:Creatine ratio | 7,790 | 44.1 | 57,321 | 49.1 |
| Albuminuria | ||||
| Normoalbuminuria | 10,630 | 79.4 | 69,839 | 69.4 |
| Microalbuminuria | 10,630 | 20.6 | 68,839 | 30.6 |
| Macroalbuminuria | 9,939 | 5.1 | 64,472 | 9.1 |
| Serum potassium, mEq/L, mean (SD) | 4,028 | 5.5 ± 3.8 | 27,115 | 5.3 ± 3.6 |
| < 3.5 mEq/L | 4,028 | 5.0 | 27,115 | 5.4 |
| 3.5–5.0 mEq/L | 4,028 | 78.5 | 27,115 | 78.7 |
| > 5.0–5.5 mEq/L | 4,028 | 4.9 | 27,115 | 5.9 |
| > 5.5 mEq/L | 4,028 | 11.6 | 27,115 | 10.0 |
| RAS-blockers | ||||
| ACEi | 17,649 | 10.2 | 116,746 | 22.9 |
| ARBs | 16,388 | 6.2 | 116,746 | 14.0 |
| ACEi + ARBs* | 17,649 | 0.7 | 116,746 | 1.3 |
| MRA | 17,649 | 0.5 | 116,746 | 2.5 |
| GLP1-RA / SGLT-2i use | ||||
| GLP-1 RA | 17,649 | 0.4 | 116,746 | 6.0 |
| SGLT-2i | 17,649 | 1.0 | 116,746 | 9.0 |
Legend: ACEi angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI body mass index; CKD-EPI Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; SD standard deviation; DPP4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4; eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1; HDL high density lipoprotein; LDL low density lipoprotein; MRAs mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; PCI percutaneous coronary intervention; SGLT-2, sodium-glucose transport protein-2; *Patients are part of ACEi and ARB rows as well; **Non-insulin antidiabetic therapy in T1DM needs to be interpreted with caution, as they may include patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA)