Table 4.
Quality assessment
| No. | Author(s), publication year | Risk of bias due to confounding | Risk of bias in selection of participants | Risk of bias in classification of interventions | Risk of bias due to deviations from intended intervention | Risk of bias due to missing data | Risk of bias in measurement of outcomes | Risk of bias in selection of the reported result | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Anshari et al., 2018 | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 2 | Borland et al., 2009 | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 5 | Cho et al., 2018 | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 6 | Durkin et al., 2015 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 7 | Elton-Marshall et al., 2015 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| 9 | Fathelrahman et al., 2013 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| 11 | Gravely et al., 2016a | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 12 | Gravely et al., 2016b | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 13 | Green et al., 2014 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 14 | Green et al., 2019 | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 16 | Hitchman et al., 2014 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 17 | Kasza et al., 2017 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
| 18 | Kennedy et al., 2012 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 19 | Li et al., 2015 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | NI | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 20 | Lin et al., 2016 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 21 | Mannocci et al., 2019 | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | NI | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 22 | Mays et al., 2014 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 24 | Nagelhout et al., 2016 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 25 | Ngan et al., 2016 | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 26 | Nicholson et al., 2017 | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 27 | Osman et al., 2016 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
| 29 | Partos et al., 2013 | Moderate | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Serious |
| 32 | Swayampakala et al., 2014 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 33 | White et al., 2008 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 34 | Yong et al., 2013 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| 35 | Yong et al., 2016 | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
RoB2