Table 6.
Formatting of GHWs
| No. | Author(s), publication year | Group | Graphic: Size (front) % | Graphic: Size (back) % | Graphic: Location | Graphic: Image concept1 | Graphic: congruency2 | Graphic: Colour | Text: Size % | Text: Location | Text: Source attribution | Text only GHW | Quitline |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Anshari et al., 2018 | Australia | 75 | 90 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 25 | Front & back | No source | No | Yes |
| Canada | 75 | 75 | Front, back & sides | Mixed | Congruent | Colour | 37 | Front, back & sides | Health Canada | No | Yes | ||
| Mexico | 30 | 100 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 100 | Back | No source | No | Yes | ||
| 2 | Borland et al., 2009 | Australia (Wave2) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes | No |
| Australia (Wave5) | 30 | 90 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 15 | Front & back | Health authority warning | No | Yes | ||
| UK | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes | No | ||
| Canada | 50 | 50 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 20 | Front & back | Health Canada | No | No | ||
| 3 | Brewer et al., 2016 | Pictorial (Pre & Post) | 50 | 50 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 12.5 | Front & back | US HHS | No | No |
| 4 | Brewer et al., 2019 | Complete sample | 50 | 50 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 15 | Front & back | US HHS | No | No |
| 5 | Cho et al., 2018 | Australia | 75 | 90 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 25 | Front & back | No source | No | Yes |
| Canada | 75 | 75 | Front, back & package inserts | Mixed | Congruent | Colour | 37 | Front, back & package inserts | Health Canada | No | Yes | ||
| Mexico | 30 | 100 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 100 | Back | No source | No | Yes | ||
| 6 | Durkin et al., 2015 | Pre PP | 30 | 90 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 15 | Front & back | Health authority warning | No | Yes |
| Late transition & Post PP | 75 | 90 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 25 | Front & back | No source | No | Yes | ||
| 7 | Elton-Marshall et al., 2015 | Malaysia (Pre) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes | No |
| Malaysia (Post) | 40 | 60 | Front & back | Negative | NA | Colour | 10 | Front | No source | No | Yes | ||
| 8 | Fathelrahman et al., 2010 | Complete sample | 60 | NA | Front | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 40 | Front | No source | No | Yes |
| 9 | Fathelrahman et al., 2013 | Pre GHW | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes | No |
| Post GHW | 50 | 50 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 10 | Front | No source | No | No | ||
| 10 | Glock & Kneer, 2009 | Complete sample | 30 | 30 | No location on pack (screen) | Negative | Congruent | Colour | NA | NA | NA | No | No |
| 11 | Gravely et al., 2016a | Wave 2 | 50 | 50 | Front & back | Symbolic | NA | Colour | 30 | Front | No source | No | No |
| Wave 3 | 80 | 80 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 30 | Front & back | No source | No | No | ||
| 12 | Gravely et al., 2016b | Scorpion GHW | 40 | NA | Front | Symbolic | Incongruent | NA | NA | Front | NA | No | NA |
| New pictorial GHW | 40 | NA | Front | Negative | Congruent | Colour | NA | Front | NA | No | NA | ||
| 13 | Green et al., 2014 | Pre pictorial GHW (Wave1) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 30 | NA | NA | Yes | NA |
| Post 12 months (Wave2) | 60 | 70 | Front & back | Mixed | Congruent | Colour | 65 (side) | Front & back | No source | No | No | ||
| 14 | Green et al., 2019 | Complete sample | 75 | 90 | Front, back & package inserts | Mixed | Congruent | Colour | 37 | Front, back & package inserts | Health Canada | No | Yes |
| 15 | Hall et al., 2018 | Complete sample | 50 | 50 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 15 | Front & back | US HHS | No | YES |
| 16 | Hitchman et al., 2014 | Canada | 50 | 50 | Front & back | Symbolic | Congruent | Colour | 25 | Front & back | Health Canada | No | No |
| 17 | Kasza et al., 2017 | Canada (Wave1) | 50 | 50 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 25 | Front & back | Health Canada | No | No |
| Canada (Wave9) | 75 | 75 | Front, back & package inserts | Mixed | Congruent | Colour | 37 | Front, back & package inserts | Health Canada | No | Yes | ||
| Australia (Wave1) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes | No | ||
| Australia (Wave9) | 75 | 90 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 25 | Front & back | No source | No | Yes | ||
| 18 | Kennedy et al., 2012 | Australia (Waves 1–7) | 30 | 90 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 15 | Front & back | Health authority warning | No | Yes |
| 19 | Li et al., 2015 | Australia | 30 | 90 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 15 | Front & back | Health authority warning | No | Yes |
| 20 | Li et al., 2016 | Thailand (Wave3) | 50 | 50 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Black & white | 10 | Front & back | No source | No | No |
| Thailand (Wave5) | 55 | 55 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | black & white | 10 | Front & back | No source | No | Yes | ||
| Malaysia (Wave2) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 70 | Sides | NA | Yes | No | ||
| Malaysia (Wave4 and6) | 40 | 60 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 10 | Front & back | No source | No | Yes | ||
| 21 | Mannocci et al., 2019 | Italy (Post) | 65 | 65 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 50 | Sides | No source | No | No |
| 22 | Mays et al., 2014 | Intervention | 50 | 50 | Front & back | Negative | NA | Colour | NA | Front & back | US HHS | No | Yes |
| 23 | McQueen et al., 2015 | Graphic condition | 50 | NA | Front | Negative | Congruent | Colour | NA | Front | US HHS | No | Yes |
| 24 | Nagelhout et al., 2016 | UK (Pre) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 30 (front), 40 (back) | 3 | NA | Yes | NA |
| UK (Post) | 43 | 53 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 10 | Front & back | No source | No | No (only 1/14 has Quitline) | ||
| FR (Pre) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 30 (front), 40 (back) | 3 | NA | Yes | NA | ||
| FR (Post) | 0 | 40 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 20 | Front | No source | No | Yes | ||
| 25 | Ngan et al., 2016 | Wave 1 & 2 | 50 | 50 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 12 | Front & back | No source | No | No |
| 26 | Nicholson et al., 2017 | Pre PP | 30 | 90 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 15 | Front & back | Health authority warning | No | Yes |
| Post PP | 75 | 90 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 25 | Front & back | No source | No | Yes | ||
| 27 | Osman et al., 2016 | Complete sample | 30 | 0 | Front | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 100 | Back | No source | No | Yes |
| 28 | Parada et al., 2017 | Pictorial GHW (Waves 1–4) | 50 | 50 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | NA | Front & back | No source | No | No |
| 29 | Partos et al., 2013 | AU | 30 | 90 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 15 | Front & back | Health authority warning | No | Yes |
| CA | 50 | 50 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 25 | Front & back | Health Canada | No | No | ||
| UK | 30 | 40 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 10 | Front | No source | No | No | ||
| 30 | Popova & Ling, 2017 | NA | NA | No location on pack (screen) | Negative | Congruent | Colour | NA | No location on pack (screen) | No source | No | No | |
| 31 | Schneider et al., 2012 | Pictorial GHW | 45 | 0 | Front | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 20 | Front | No source | No | No |
| 32 | Swayampakala et al., 2014 | AU (Pre) | 30 | 90 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 15 | Front & back | Health authority warning | No | Yes |
| AU (Post) | 90 | 90 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 30 | Front & back | No source | No | Yes | ||
| CA (Pre) | 75 | 75 | Front & back | Mixed | Congruent | Colour | 25 | Front & back | Health Canada | No | Yes | ||
| CA (Post) | 75 | 75 | Front, back & package inserts | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 25 | Front, back & package inserts | Health Canada | No | Yes | ||
| MX (Pre-Post) | 30 | 100 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 100 | Back | No source | No | Yes | ||
| 33 | White et al., 2008 | AU 2006 GHW | 30 | 90 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 15 | Front & back | Health authority warning | No | Yes |
| 34 | Yong et al., 2013 | TH (Wave1) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 33 | Front & back | NA | Yes | NA |
| TH (Wave 3) | 50 | 50 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | black & white | 12 | Front & back | No source | No | No | ||
| 35 | Yong et al., 2016 | Pre PP | 30 | 90 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 15 | Front & back | Health authority warning | No | Yes |
| Post PP | 75 | 90 | Front & back | Negative | Congruent | Colour | 25 | Front & back | No source | No | Yes |
1Positive image concept refers to graphics portraying the benefits of quitting smoking while negative images show the harmful effects of smoking.
2Congruency refers to GHW formats where the message is presented in images and text communicating a consistent, aligned message