Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients.
| Characteristics | Controls n = 24 | Cases n = 24 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 51 (43–57) | 50 (43–59) | 0.757 |
| Co-existing conditions, n (%) | |||
| COPD | 4 (16.7%) | 2 (8.3%) | 0.383 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 1 (4.2%) | 3 (12.5%) | 0.296 |
| Obesity | 2 (8.3%) | 4 (16.7%) | 0.383 |
| Hypertension | 3 (12.5%) | 7 (29.2%) | 0.155 |
| Number of co-existing conditions, n (%) | |||
| None | 12 (50.0%) | 14 (58.3%) | 0.035 |
| One | 10 (41.7%) | 3 (12.5%) | |
| Two or more | 2 (8.3%) | 7 (29.2%) | |
| Ethnic group: Caucasian, n (%) | 20 (83.3%) | 24 (100%) | 0.037 |
| Worst PaO2/FiO2, median (IQR) | 419 (386–460) | 141 (102–178) | <0.001 |
| Worst peripheral SO2, median (IQR) | 95 (94–95) | 90 (81–92) | <0.001 |
| % of damaged lung, median (IQR) | 12.0% (8.4–21.2%) | 25.1% (15.6–35.0%) | 0.075 |
| Days from symptom onset to hospital admission, median (IQR) | 9 (3–16) | 9 (6–9) | 0.544 |
| Score on ordinal scale | |||
| Hospitalized, not requiring supplemental oxygen, n (%) | 19 (79.2%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001 |
| Hospitalized, requiring supplemental oxygen, n (%) | 5 (20.8%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Hospitalized, receiving non-invasive ventilation or high-flow oxygen devices, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 19 (79.2%) | |
| Hospitalized, receiving invasive mechanical ventilation or ECMO, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (20.8%) | |
| Pneumonia, n (%)a | 20 (83.3%) | 24 (100%) | 0.113 |
| ARDS, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 15 (62.5%) | <0.001 |
| Intensive care unit, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (33.3%) | 0.002 |
| OTI, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (20.8%) | 0.018 |
| Laboratory values at admission, median (IQR) | |||
| Lymphocytes, cells/mm3 | 1715 (1235–2040) | 925 (655–1230) | <0.001 |
| d-dimer, ng/mL | 500 (314–805) | 652 (488–978) | 0.307 |
| CRP, mg/dL | 1.16 (0.66–3.27) | 6.51 (2.93–14.91) | <0.001 |
| Ferritin, pg/mL | 298 (230–539) | 1062 (514–1416) | <0.001 |
| LDH, U/L | 183 (160–219) | 339 (213–398) | <0.001 |
| Neutrophils, ×103/uL | 4.3 (2.4–5.6) | 3.9 (2.8–6.1) | 0.807 |
| Potassium, mmol/L | 3.5 (3.5–3.7) | 3.3 (3–3.4) | 0.046 |
| Received treatment, n (%) | |||
| PI/b | 13 (54.2%) | 22 (91.7%) | 0.003 |
| HCQ | 15 (62.5%) | 21 (87.5%) | 0.046 |
| Remdesivir | 0 (0%) | 2 (8.3%) | 0.149 |
| Immunomodulant therapy | 0 (0%) | 19 (79.2%) | <0.001 |
| Steroids | 1 (4.4%) | 21 (87.5%) | <0.001 |
| Outcome, n (%) | |||
| Discharged | 24 (100%) | 22 (91.7%) | 0.149 |
| Died | 0 (0%) | 2 (8.3%) | |
| Length of stay, days, median (IQR) | 9 (7–12) | 23 (19–33) | <0.001 |
| Viral shedding, days, median (IQR) | 13.5 (9.5–21) | 20 (13–28) | 0.079 |
IQR, interquartile range; PaO2/FiO2, pressure of arterial oxygen to fractional inspired oxygen concentration; SO2, oxygen saturation; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; PI/b, protease inhibitor/boosted; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OTI, orotracheal intubation; CRP, C-reactive protein; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase.
a
Two patients in the control group did not have a chest computed tomography scan.