Table 3.
Multivariable Analysis on All-Cause 12-Month Follow-up Cost After Hip Fracture.
| Estimate | Standard error | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | χ2 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 30 223.00 | 1392.06 | 27 495.00 | 32 952.00 | 471.38 | <0.0001 |
| Age at time of index fracture (per year) | 293.80 | 16.10 | 262.24 | 325.36 | 332.88 | <0.0001 |
| Sex (male) | 4695.36 | 606.10 | 3507.43 | 5883.30 | 60.01 | <0.0001 |
| Nonwhite race (referent to White) | 9625.16 | 415.40 | 8810.99 | 10 439.00 | 536.88 | <0.0001 |
| Region: northeast | 8295.13 | 363.86 | 7581.98 | 9008.28 | 519.74 | <0.0001 |
| Region: south | 1257.04 | 305.93 | 657.44 | 1856.64 | 16.88 | <0.0001 |
| Region: west | 6411.16 | 394.71 | 5637.56 | 7184.77 | 263.83 | <0.0001 |
| Index year: 2011 | −1928.11 | 352.04 | −2618.10 | −1238.12 | 30.00 | <0.0001 |
| Index year: 2012 | −5933.08 | 365.69 | −6649.81 | −5216.35 | 263.24 | <0.0001 |
| Index year: 2013 | −8586.68 | 374.37 | −9320.43 | −7852.93 | 526.08 | <0.0001 |
| Index year: 2014 | −7426.29 | 422.85 | −8255.05 | −6597.53 | 308.45 | <0.0001 |
| Outpatient index fracture (referent to inpatient) | −26 163.00 | 633.65 | −27 405.00 | −24 921.00 | 1704.78 | <0.0001 |
| History of stroke | 3535.64 | 522.48 | 2511.59 | 4559.68 | 45.79 | <0.0001 |
| History of falls | 2415.63 | 381.15 | 1668.59 | 3162.68 | 40.17 | <0.0001 |
| Mobility impairments | 5779.49 | 360.44 | 5073.03 | 6485.94 | 257.10 | <0.0001 |
| Vision impairments | 1385.35 | 619.40 | 171.35 | 2599.34 | 5.00 | 0.0253 |
| Parkinson disease | 5973.55 | 714.10 | 4573.94 | 7373.17 | 69.98 | <0.0001 |
| Muscle atrophy/weakness/sarcopenia | 2062.85 | 704.09 | 682.86 | 3442.83 | 8.58 | 0.0034 |
| α-Blocker | 4987.31 | 426.00 | 4152.36 | 5822.26 | 137.06 | <0.0001 |
| Anticholinergic antihistamines | 3962.29 | 607.20 | 2772.20 | 5152.39 | 42.58 | <0.0001 |
| Antipsychotic | 4857.56 | 879.19 | 3134.38 | 6580.74 | 30.53 | <0.0001 |
| Barbiturate | 9611.97 | 3750.95 | 2260.24 | 16 964.00 | 6.57 | 0.0104 |
| Benzodiazepine | 801.21 | 445.56 | −72.08 | 1674.50 | 3.23 | 0.0721 |
| β-Blocker | 2112.68 | 268.20 | 1587.02 | 2638.34 | 62.05 | <0.0001 |
| Nonbenzodiazepine, benzodiazepine receptor agonist | 2936.74 | 446.37 | 2061.88 | 3811.61 | 43.29 | <0.0001 |
| Opioids | 2082.89 | 265.25 | 1563.00 | 2602.77 | 61.66 | <0.0001 |
| Proton pump inhibitor | 2860.17 | 273.01 | 2325.07 | 3395.27 | 109.75 | <0.0001 |
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor | 2843.31 | 301.80 | 2251.80 | 3434.82 | 88.76 | <0.0001 |
| Tricyclic antidepressant | 2002.68 | 646.16 | 736.22 | 3269.13 | 9.61 | 0.0019 |
| Vasodilator | 6790.15 | 440.46 | 5926.88 | 7653.43 | 237.66 | <0.0001 |
| Inhaled corticosteroid | 1082.68 | 371.22 | 355.11 | 1810.25 | 8.51 | 0.0035 |
| Diabetes | 5994.30 | 347.93 | 5312.37 | 6676.24 | 296.81 | <0.0001 |
| Renal disease | 10 890.00 | 352.87 | 10 198.00 | 11 581.00 | 952.34 | <0.0001 |
| Liver disease | 7386.35 | 826.28 | 5766.87 | 9005.83 | 79.91 | <0.0001 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 3535.20 | 726.00 | 2112.27 | 4958.14 | 23.71 | <0.0001 |
| Arthritis | 1123.85 | 262.34 | 609.67 | 1638.03 | 18.35 | <0.0001 |
| Respiratory diseases | 2874.56 | 289.07 | 2307.99 | 3441.13 | 98.89 | <0.0001 |
| Alzheimer disease | −3134.77 | 463.41 | −4043.04 | −2226.51 | 45.76 | <0.0001 |
| Dementia | 574.76 | 342.42 | −96.38 | 1245.89 | 2.82 | 0.0932 |
| Lung disease | 5687.84 | 348.93 | 5003.95 | 6371.72 | 265.72 | <0.0001 |
| Depression | 2136.73 | 356.60 | 1437.80 | 2835.66 | 35.90 | <0.0001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 2336.64 | 354.66 | 1641.52 | 3031.76 | 43.41 | <0.0001 |
| Hypothyroidism | 1096.22 | 291.73 | 524.44 | 1667.99 | 14.12 | 0.0002 |
| Obesity | 10 084.00 | 714.22 | 8684.20 | 11 484.00 | 199.34 | <0.0001 |
| Bariatric surgery | −31 708.00 | 10 138.00 | −51 578.00 | −11 838.00 | 9.78 | 0.0018 |
| Charlson score (1 to 2) | 1174.60 | 354.47 | 479.85 | 1869.34 | 10.98 | 0.0009 |
| Charlson score (≥3) | 7674.21 | 409.49 | 6871.62 | 8476.79 | 351.22 | <0.0001 |