Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics
| Characteristic | |
|---|---|
| Male sex | 43 (84) |
| Age, years | 72 ± 11 |
| ≥80 years | 14 (27) |
| NYHA classification | |
| NYHA 2 | 19 (37) |
| NYHA 3 | 26 (51) |
| NYHA 4 | 6 (12) |
| HF aetiology | |
| Ischaemic | 22 (43) |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 15 (29) |
| Valvular | 5 (10) |
| Tachyarrhythmia | 4 (8) |
| Other | 5 (10) |
| Comorbidities | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 36 (70) |
| Overweight/obesity | 31 (61) |
| Hypertension | 35 (69) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 23 (45) |
| Dyslipidaemia | 33 (65) |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 49 ± 25 |
| BNP, pg/mL | 591 ± 614 |
| LVEF, % | 35 ± 12 |
| ≤35% | 31 (61) |
| Treatments | |
| ACEi/ARB* <50% | 10 (20) |
| ACEi /ARB* ≥50% | 12 (24) |
| Sacubitril/Valsartan* <50% | 6 (12) |
| Sacubitril/Valsartan* ≥50% | 15 (29) |
| Beta blockers* >50% | 13 (25) |
| Beta blockers* ≥50% | 29 (57) |
| Aldosterone antagonist* <50% | 18 (35) |
| Aldosterone antagonist* ≥50% | 5 (10) |
| Furosemide, mg | 142 ± 122 |
| Cardiac implantable electronic devices | |
| Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator | 27 (53) |
| Permanent pacemaker | 12 (24) |
| Cardiac resynchronization therapy | 18 (35) |
| CRT-D | 14 (27) |
| CRT-P | 4 (8) |
ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; eGFR, glomerular filtration rate.
* % of target dose. Patients can have mixed aetiologies.