Table 4.
Simplified country-level use and cost estimates of antenatal care services and delivery by setting
| DRC | Kenya | Zambia | Guatemala | Pakistan | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antenatal care (ANC) visits (N for overall sample) | 4819 | 9177 | 9369 | 16,288 | 7251 |
| Weighted-mean number of ANC visits overall, per person (#) | 3.25 | 3.60 | 3.20 | 4.45 | 3.90 |
| Mean per person cost for average number of ANC visits with no ultrasound (using mean # of ANC visits for overall sample) (2015 USD) | 15.28 | 15.87 | 18.37 | 14.58 | 14.53 |
| Overall number of visits (exams) with ultrasound (sub-sample of patients receiving at least one ultrasound) (n) | 2291 | 3380 | 4408 | 7935 | 2404 |
| Estimated percent of per person ultrasound visits (% for each) | |||||
| 1 | 24.31 | 50.36 | 40.86 | 17.10 | 35.19 |
| 2 | 65.26 | 46.54 | 55.51 | 69.32 | 61.06 |
| 3 | 9.56 | 2.84 | 3.43 | 12.70 | 3.45 |
| > = 4c | 0.87 | 0.27 | 0.20 | 0.88 | 0.29 |
| Weighted mean for number of ultrasound visits (of those having > = 1) (#) | 1.87 | 1.53 | 1.63 | 1.97 | 1.69 |
| Weighted-mean cost estimate for weighted-mean number of ANC visits with ultrasound (assumed outpatient) (2015 USD) | 24.00 | 15.81 | 21.59 | 8.28 | 7.25 |
| Calculated weighted-mean cost of overall ANC visits (average number of overall ANC visits net of estimated ANC visits with ultrasound to avoid double counting) (2015 USD) | 30.48 | 24.93 | 30.60 | 16.40 | 15.49 |
| Delivery location and probability (N for overall sample)a | 4818 | 9170 | 9367 | 16,287 | 7243 |
| Overall sample average (% for each) | |||||
| Local village or home setting (%) | 19.51 | 26.52 | 18.04 | 42.11 | 37.48 |
| Non-hospital clinic setting (%) | 66.15 | 54.61 | 58.13 | 0.86 | 29.30 |
| Hospital setting (%) | |||||
| Hospital delivery with cesarean section (%) | 1.12 | 2.26 | 1.20 | 27.78 | 11.46 |
| Hospital delivery without cesarean section (%) | 13.22 | 16.61 | 22.63 | 29.26 | 21.76 |
| Cost of delivery by typed (2015 USD) | |||||
| Average per person cost of deliveries with cesarean section delivery (2015 USD) | 108.50 | 156.27 | 99.34 | 44.46 | 202.85 |
| Average per person cost, non-cesarean deliveries (2015 USD) | 41.68 | 55.20 | 90.32 | 26.02 | 75.88 |
| Calculated weighted-mean cost per mother estimate for deliveries for overall sample (non-Cesarean and Cesarean-Section; includes non-high-risk pregnancies and high-risk pregnancies)b (2015 USD) | 22.54 | 31.43 | 51.96 | 22.81 | 57.98 |
| Higher-risk (complicated pregnancy) sub-sample of overall sample (n) | 953 | 1143 | 1759 | 5458 | 2367 |
| Estimated proportion of higher-risk pregnancies (% of total sample per country) | 19.78 | 12.46 | 18.77 | 33.51 | 33.00 |
| Delivery location and probability | |||||
| Local village or home setting (%) | 18.47 | 21.00 | 14.10 | 37.71 | 35.02 |
| Non-hospital clinic setting (%) | 62.33 | 52.06 | 52.25 | 0.64 | 25.64 |
| Hospital setting (%) | |||||
| Hospital delivery with cesarean section (%) | 3.67 | 7.87 | 3.47 | 34.15 | 14.91 |
| Hospital delivery without cesarean section (%) | 15.53 | 19.07 | 30.19 | 27.50 | 24.42 |
| Cost of delivery by typed (2015 USD) | |||||
| Average per person cost of deliveries with cesarean section delivery (2015 USD) | 108.50 | 156.27 | 99.34 | 44.46 | 202.85 |
| Average per person cost, non-cesarean deliveries (2015 USD) | 41.68 | 55.20 | 90.32 | 26.02 | 75.88 |
| Calculated weighted-mean per mother cost estimate for deliveries for high-risk (complicated) pregnancies (non-Cesarean and Cesarean-Section procedures)b (2015 USD) | 25.37 | 40.10 | 57.49 | 24.88 | 65.15 |
aDelivery location included a small number of missing observations from overall sample
bNon-hospital delivery costs based on facility estimate and proportion of non-cesarean section facility estimate (assumed village-level = 25% of hospital, non-hospital clinic = 50% of facility cost estimate)
All cesarean section deliveries were assumed to be conducted in hospital facility
cPersons with > 4 ANC visits with ultrasound assumed to have four ultrasound visits for cost calculation
Higher-risk pregnancies included multiple gestation, placenta previa, and breech presentation
dCost estimates for delivery type for with and without cesarean section delivery from Table 2 (all costs 2015 USD)