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. 2021 May 20;21:952. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-10750-8

Table 5.

Sub-sample probabilities and cost estimates (2015 USD) for complication-related healthcare use

DRC Kenya Zambia Guatemala Pakistan
Use of hospital / referral services for treatment of complicationsa
 When did the complication occur, sub-sample of overall sample (N) 172 173 182 1351 192
  During antenatal care (%) 42.10 22.00 31.90 27.00 2.70
  At time of delivery (%) 49.6 69.90 65.70 68.50 95.40
  Post delivery (%) 8.40 8.10 2.50 4.50 2.00
 Was mother referred for a treatment of a serious pregnancy complication, (N) 172 173 182 1351 192
  Yes (%) 92.70 79.15 89.15 96.95 77.10
  No (%) 7.30 20.85 10.85 3.05 22.90
 Did mother go to the referral facility, (N) 150 137 163 1309 147
  Yes (%) 88.50 97.75 98.65 97.50 100.00
  No (%) 11.50 2.25 1.35 2.50 0.00
 What type of provider did mother see during visit (checked all that applied), (N) 141 134 160 1276 147
  OBGYN (%) 0.60 22.55 50.10 24.55 36.70
  Medical Officer (%) 37.55 27.20 29.60 76.05 29.30
  Clinical Officer/Medical Assistant (%) 3.95 21.80 2.35 0.95 0.70
  Nurse (%) 76.05 61.95 81.45 92.80 13.60
  Sonographer (%) 7.40 7.05 5.10 0.10 0.70
  Other (%) 2.10 0.00 0.00 0.25 19.75
 Where was referral care received (checked all that applied), (N) 141 134 160 1276 147
  Hospital Wards (%) 0.60 12.45 0.45 10.85 15.65
  Intensive Care Unit (%) 0.00 0.85 0.00 0.80 0.00
  Casualty (%) 0.85 0.00 0.00 88.55 0.00
  Outpatient Facility (%) 0.00 11.85 0.95 1.05 1.40
  Maternity Ward (%) 65.10 73.50 98.60 6.20 43.50
  Other (%) 33.45 1.35 0.00 0.75 40.80
 Was mother admitted, N (%) 141 134 160 1276 147
  Yes 87.30 85.10 91.95 100.00 89.10
  No 12.70 14.90 8.05 0.00 10.90
Select maternal healthcare resource use (sub-sample collected in countries)b
Maternal healthcare resource use (N) 145 142 163 1282 147
  Antibiotics (% yes) 86.25 78.70 43.95 83.30 93.90
  Estimated cost per antibiotic treatment (2015 USD) 7.00 36.97 3.31 12.00 9.58
 Hysterectomy after complication (% yes) 2.85 0.65 0.00 0.90 0.00
  Estimated cost per hysterectomy treatment (2015 USD) 27.14 214.24 26.49 155.96 171.87
  Estimates cost hospital stay for hysterectomy (2015 USD) 27.14 214.24 26.49 155.96 171.87
 Other surgery (% yes) 2.85 2.75% 0.45 11.30 2.05
  Estimated cost per non-hysterectomy surgery (2015 USD) 32.56 214.24 90.88 155.96 82.50
  Estimates cost hospital stay for other surgery (2015 USD) 32.56 214.24 90.88 155.96 82.50
 Anesthesia (% yes) 17.50 30.35 8.40 61.35 2.75
  Estimated cost per use of anesthesia (if available) (2015 USD) 143.82 10.08 0.00 20.58 0.00
  Blood transfusion (% yes) 13.25 6.10 3.20 4.50 21.70
  Estimated cost per blood transfusion (if available) (2015 USD) 9.95 11.76 0.00 47.84 19.48
 Inpatient ultrasound (% yes) 9.50 11.65 8.20 78.20 27.90
  Estimated cost per inpatient ultrasound (2015 USD) 16.28 10.64 13.25 5.50 4.30
 Chest radiograph (% yes) 2.00 0.0 0.95 1.80 1.40
  Estimated cost per chest radiograph (2015 USD) 13.76 8.07 5.30 9.70 2.50
Estimated mean facility-level per person added cost estimate for maternal complication events (2015 USD), for typical cohort of patients 37.75 48.68 3.41 67.31 17.83
Select neonatal healthcare resource use (sample ranges in countries per use type, N)c 4660-4908 7493-9288 6363-9456 15,827-16,394 3544-7284
 Neonatal hospitalization (% yes) 0.15 0.75 0.50 3.35 2.40
  Estimated per person cost for neonatal hospitalization (2015 USD) 5.44 2.90 46.30 77.61 73.31
 Neonatal bath within six hours after delivery (% yes) 0.10 27.85 0.80 36.80 13.30
  Estimated per person cost for neonatal bath (2015 USD) 0.00 0.00 1.32 1.31 0.00
 Neonatal antibiotics (% yes) 1.55 0.50 0.20 3.80 10.80
  Estimated per person cost for antibiotics (2015 USD) 7.00 36.97 3.31 12.00 9.58
 Neonatal oxygen use (% yes) 0.00 0.80 0.35 4.30 12.05
  Estimated per person cost of oxygen (2015 USD) 29.31 1.01 1.85 6.16 4.66
 Mechanical ventilation (% yes) 0.40 0.45 0.15 0.55 0.20
  Estimated per person cost for ventilation (2015 USD) 0.00 0.00 1.32 39.58 4.66
 Medical eye care (% yes) 1.25 15.20 1.00 56.25 0.90
  Estimated per person cost for eye care (2015 USD) 0.71 0.20 1.32 4.72 0.00
 Medicinal cord care (% yes) 2.65 2.00 1.40 99.30 2.30
  Estimated per person cost for cord care (2015 USD) 0.00 0.00 1.21 0.66 0.00
  Vitamin K (% Yes) 0.10 1.15 0.45 56.85 3.40
  Estimated cost per vitamin K treatment (2015 USD) 1.90 2.02 0.74 1.31 0.58
Estimated mean facility-level per person added cost estimate for neonatal complication events (2015 USD), for typical cohort of patients 0.13 0.27 0.22 8.15 0.03
Combined estimated mean facility-level per person added cost estimate for maternal and neonatal complication-related events (2015 USD), for typical cohort of patients 37.88 48.94 3.63 75.46 17.87

aPercentages for use of hospital services due to complications during pregnancy and percent of complications reported are based on non-weighted average reported in cohort sub-samples in countries

bProbability and cost estimates presented in the lower portion of Table 5 are taken from Table 2 (unit costs) and Table 3 (complication probabilities), and are not based on the event probabilities in the upper portion of Table 5

Samples were from different data sources for probabilities for maternal health major procedures/treatments, and neonatal events

If item-level or event-level facility cost estimate $0, NA, or missing from Table 3, $0 estimate used for calculation in Table 5

cExact sample size of neonatal healthcare use varied slightly per event (range is presented per country)

Components of combined estimates for maternal and neonatal costs may not reflect rounding precision given USD two decimal standard