Table 2.
Etiologies reported for the five most common crossed brainstem syndromes
| Total | Benedikt | Weber | Foville | Millard-Gubler | Wallenberg | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 69 | 14 | 3 | 15 | 9 | 28 |
| Stroke | 40 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 23 |
| Embolic event | 30 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 18 | |
| Aneurysm clipping | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Artery dissection | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Transient ischemic attack | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Vasculitis | 2 | 2 | ||||
| Infectious thrombosis | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Sarcoidosis | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Hemorrhage | 16 | 4 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 2 |
| Hypertension | 6 | 6 | ||||
| Brainstem cavernous malformation | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Telangiectasia | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Post-operative complication | 2 | 2 | ||||
| Anticoagulant therapy | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Compression | 5 | 3 | 2 | |||
| Unruptured aneurysm | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Cyst / Virchow-Robin spaces | 2 | 2 | ||||
| Occipital fracture | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Brain metastasis | 3 | 1 | 2 | |||
| Infection | 3 | 2 | 1 | |||
| Brain abscess | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Encephalitis | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Multiple sclerosis | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Unknown | 1 | 1 |