Table 2.
Summary of included studies.
| References |
Sample size (n), sex, and
age |
EC | CWI protocol: water temperature (°C) and duration (min) | Exercise protocol | Intramuscular measurement | SFT in mm (mean ± SD) | Intramuscular temperature in °C baseline (mean ± SD) | Intramuscular temperature in °C post-treatment (mean ± SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mawhinney et al. (2013) | n = 12 male 25.5 ± 4.7 yr | 22–24°C | 8°C for 10 min (up to the iliac crest) | Cycling at 70% VO2max until Tcore reaches 38°C | MQF VL, 3.0 cm (plus 1/2 of SF), 2.0 and 1.0 cm depth | 11.42 ± 2.65 | 3.0 cm = 36.27 ± 0.37 2.0 cm = 35.85 ± 0.43 1.0 cm = 34.98 ± 0.66 | 3.0 cm = 36.58 ± 0.64 2.0 cm = 34.49 ± 1.09 1.0 cm = 31.10 ± 1.68 |
| Mawhinney et al. (2017a) | n = 12 male 26 ± 6 yr | 22–24°C | 8°C for 10 min. (up to the iliac crest) | 4 × 10 maximum squat exercise with 2 min. rest | MQF VL, 3.0 cm (plus 1/2 of SF), 2.0 and 1.0 cm depth | 10.79 ± 2.73 | 3.0 cm = 36.19 ± 0.32, 2.0 cm = 35.69 ± 0.45, 1.0 cm = 34.92 ± 0.59 | 3.0 cm = 34.58 ± 0.9 2.0 cm = 32.04 ± 1.38 1.0 cm= 29.48 ± 1.47 |
| Mawhinney et al. (2017b) | n = 10 male 22.3 ± 3.4 yr | 22–24°C ~40% rh | 8°C for 10 min. (up to iliac crest) | Cycling at 70% VO2max until Tcore reaches 38°C | MQF VL, 3.0 cm (plus 1/2 of SF), 2.0 and 1.0 cm depth | 15.65 ± 7.58 | 3.0 cm = 36.14 ± 0.66 2.0 cm = 35.53 ± 0.81 1.0 cm = 34.80 ± 0.90 | 3.0 cm = 35.57 ± 0.49 2.0 cm = 33.09 ± 1.36 1.0 cm = 30.94 ± 1.51 |
| Rech (2013) | n = 16 subjects 24.3 ± 1.84 yr | unknown | 10°C (up to iliac crest) until Tm decreased 7°C below pre-exercise (= cooling rate 0.27 ± 0.18°C/min) or 30 min | Cycling for 30 min. (HR130-150 bts/min.) | MQF rectus femoris, 2.0 cm sub-adipose | 11.0 ± 3.7 | 35.3 ± 1.2 | 30.8 ± 3.7 |
| Roberts et al. (2014) | n = 10 male 21.3 ± 1.6 yr | 24.3 ± 0.6°C 48.6 ± 1.2% rh | 10.0 ± 0.3°C for 10 min. (up to the clavicle) |
High intensity resistance training for 1 h: 6 sets of 8, 8, 10, 12, 10, and 10 front and back squats, 3 × 12 walking dumbbell lunges, 3 × 12 countermovement drop jumps | MQF VL, 1.0 cm depth | 6.4 ± 3.1 | 35.2 ± 0.5 | 32.99 ± 4.64 |
| Roberts et al. (2015a) | n = 10 male 21.4 ± 2.0 yr | 24.4 ± 0.2°C 43.5 ± 1.6% rh | 10.0 ± 0.2°C for 10 min. (up to umbilicus) |
Maximal unilateral isokinetic knee extensor exercise 10 × 20 reps with 2 min. rest | MQF VL, 1.15 cm depth | 6.5 ± 3.4 | 34.5 ± 0.9 | 28.1 ± 6.1 |
EC, Environmental conditionsl; HR, heart rate; MQF, M. quadriceps femoris; rh, relative humidity; SF, skinfold; SFT, skinfold thickness; Tcore, core temperature; Tm, Temperature; VL, vastus lateralis; yr, year.