Table 1. Sociodemographic and psychiatric variables and return to work after severe traumatic brain injury.
| Return to work | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | All participants n=41 | No n=21 (51.2) | Yes n=20 (48.8) | p-value |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 7 (17.1) | 3 (14.3) | 4 (20.0) | |
| Male | 34 (82.9) | 18 (85.7) | 16 (80.0) | 0.697 |
| Age | 32.0 (25.0-43.5) | 35.0 (27.0-51.5) | 29.5 (23.3-40.8) | 0.140 |
| Education | ||||
| Lower than high school | 19 (46.3) | 13 (61.9) | 6 (30.0) | |
| High school or higher | 22 (53.7) | 8 (38.1) | 14 (70.0) | 0.041 |
| Married or live-in partner | ||||
| No | 31 (75.6) | 15 (71.4) | 16 (80.0) | |
| Yes | 10 (24.4) | 6 (28.6) | 4 (20.0) | 0.719 |
| Glasgow Coma Scale* | 6.0 (3.3-8.0) | 6.0 (4.0-8.0) | 6.0 (3.0-8.0) | 0.739 |
| Months since injury | 28.0 (26.0-31.5) | 28.0 (26.0-30.5) | 28.0 (25.3-32.8) | 0.865 |
| Major depressive episode | ||||
| No | 34 (82.9) | 16 (76.2) | 18 (90.0) | |
| Yes | 7 (17.1) | 5 (23.8) | 2 (10.0) | 0.410 |
| Substance abuse or dependence | ||||
| No | 35 (85.4) | 18 (85.7) | 17 (85.0) | |
| Yes | 6 (14.6) | 3 (14.3) | 3 (15.0) | 1.000 |
| NPI-Q total† | 5.5 (3.5-11.3) | 8.0 (4.0-13.0) | 4.5 (1.0-7.0) | 0.062 |
| Personality change | ||||
| No | 26 (63.4) | 10 (47.6) | 16 (80.0) | |
| Yes | 15 (36.6) | 11 (52.4) | 4 (20.0) | 0.031 |
| Aggression† | ||||
| No | 23 (60.5) | 9 (45.0) | 14 (77.8) | |
| Yes | 15 (39.5) | 11 (55.0) | 4 (22.2) | 0.039 |
| Disinhibition† | ||||
| No | 31 (81.6) | 16 (80.0) | 15 (83.3) | |
| Yes | 7 (18;4) | 4 (20.0) | 3 (16.7) | 1.00 |
| Apathy (Robert criteria) | ||||
| No | 29 (70.7) | 11 (52.4) | 18 (90.0) | |
| Yes | 12 (29.3) | 10 (47.6) | 2 (10.0) | 0.008 |
| Starkstein Apathy Scale† | 11.5 (8.0-19.3) | 13.5 (11.0-28.3) | 8.5 (4.0-13.5) | 0.006 |
Categorical variables are shown as frequency (percent) and were analyzed using a chi-square or Fisher’s test. Numerical variables were non-normally distributed; they are shown as median (1st to 3rd quartiles) and were analyzed using a Mann-Whitney test.
Bold type denotes significance.
NPI-Q = Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire.
*
One missing in the group that returned to work.
†
Two missing in the group that returned to work and one missing in the group that did not return to work.