Table 1.
Descriptive statistics comparing current users and nonusers of a COVID-19 contact tracing app.
| Characteristic | Total (N=349) | Current app users (n=67) | Nonusers (n=282) | Statisticsa | ||||||
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Value | P value | |||||
| Sociodemographic data |
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Age, mean (SD) | 35.62 (14.66) | 36.62 (14.73) | 35.38 (14.66) | t333=0.61 | .54 | ||||
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Gender (female), n (%) | 226 (65.30) | 40 (60.60) | 186 (67.10) | χ21=1.0 | .31 | ||||
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Persons per household, mean (SD) | 2.53 (1.58) | 2.55 (1.40) | 2.54 (1.63) | t333=0.11 | .92 | ||||
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Education, n (%) | χ21=2.8 | .10 | |||||||
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≤Lower secondary | 55 (16.50) | 15 (23.40) | 40 (14.90) |
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Upper secondary | 278 (83.50) | 49 (76.60) | 229 (85.10) |
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Income, n (%) | χ25=6.3 | .28 | |||||||
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€0-€500 | 66 (20.20) | 12 (18.8) | 54 (20.6) |
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€501-€1000 | 70 (21.50) | 8 (12.5) | 62 (23.7) |
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€1001-€1500 | 36 (11.00) | 9 (14.1) | 27 (10.3) |
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€1501-€2000 | 25 (7.70) | 8 (12.5) | 17 (6.5) |
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€2001-€2500 | 46 (14.10) | 10 (15.6) | 36 (13.7) |
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€2501 or more | 83 (25.50) | 17 (26.6) | 66 (25.2) |
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Region, n (%) | χ22=8.6 | .01 | |||||||
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Rural | 66 (20.10) | 21 (32.8) | 45 (17.0) |
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Urban | 143 (43.60) | 21 (32.8) | 122 (46.2) |
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Metropolitan | 119 (36.30) | 22 (34.4) | 97 (36.7) |
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Migration backgroundb, n (%) | 76 (21.78) | 16 (23.9) | 60 (21.5) | χ21=0.2 | .67 | ||||
| Theory of planned behavior, mean (SD) |
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Attitudes (range 1-7) | 4.19 (1.65) | 4.97 (1.34) | 4.01 (1.67) | t120=5.00 | <.001 | ||||
| Subjective norms, mean (SD) |
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Personal norms (range 1-5) | 2.35 (0.87) | 2.85 (0.84) | 2.23 (0.83) | t99=5.43 | <.001 | ||||
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Injunctive social norms (range 1-10) | 5.62 (3.52) | 7.69 (2.64) | 5.12 (3.53) | t130=6.67 | <.001 | ||||
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Descriptive social norms (range 1-10) | 4.62 (1.92) | 5.19 (1.89) | 4.48 (1.90) | t101=2.76 | .007 | ||||
| Perceived behavioral control, mean (SD) |
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Self-efficacy (range 1-5) | 4.19 (0.85) | 4.48 (0.72) | 4.12 (0.87) | t342=3.12 | .002 | ||||
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Perceived controllability (range 1-5) | 4.31 (0.87) | 4.25 (0.95) | 4.33 (0.85) | t342=0.63 | .53 | ||||
| Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology, mean (SD) |
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Perceived ease of use (range 1-5) | 4.04 (0.91) | 4.37 (0.77) | 3.95 (0.92) | t341=3.45 | .001 | ||||
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Perceived usefulness (range 1-5) | 3.10 (1.08) | 3.54 (0.93) | 2.99 (1.09) | t113=4.19 | <.001 | ||||
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Perceived barriers (range 1-5) | 2.53 (0.79) | 2.26 (0.75) | 2.60 (0.78) | t338=3.15 | .002 | ||||
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Hedonic motivation (range 1-5) | 3.80 (1.31) | 4.63 (1.18) | 3.60 (1.26) | t337=6.02 | <.001 | ||||
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Price value (range 1-5) | 2.97 (1.08) | 3.44 (1.15) | 2.86 (1.03) | t337=3.95 | <.001 | ||||
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Habit (range 1-5) | 3.46 (1.08) | 3.82 (0.95) | 3.40 (1.07) | t344=2.97 | .003 | ||||
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Experience (ie, hours of app use per day) (range 0-12) | 2.63 (1.78) | 2.82 (1.34) | 2.61 (1.86) | t122=1.02 | .31 | ||||
| Additional variables |
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Threat appraisals |
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Perceived susceptibility (range 1-10), mean (SD) | 4.14 (2.18) | 4.31 (2.14) | 4.10 (2.19) | t336=0.68 | .50 | |||
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Anticipatory anxiety (range 1-5), mean (SD) | 2.95 (1.03) | 3.41 (0.94) | 2.85 (1.02) | t337=4.02 | <.001 | |||
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Anticipated emotion (range 1-5), mean (SD) | 2.52 (0.88) | 2.66 (0.91) | 2.48 (0.88) | t337=1.43 | .16 | |||
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Other variables |
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Data privacy concerns (range 1-7), mean (SD) | 5.71 (0.85) | 5.34 (1.08) | 5.79 (0.76) | t344=4.00 | <.001 | |||
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Personalization (range 1-5), mean (SD) | 2.88 (1.15) | 3.36 (1.14) | 2.76 (1.12) | t344=3.89 | <.001 | |||
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Subjective knowledge about COVID-19 tracing apps (range 1-10), mean (SD) | 3.69 (2.36) | 5.05 (2.41) | 3.37 (2.24) | t324=5.27 | <.001 | |||
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COVID-19 experience, n (%) | 161 (47.60) | 23 (35.4) | 138 (50.50) | χ21=4.8 | .03 | |||
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Exposure (ie, surveyed after the Corona Warn-App launch), n (%) | 135 (38.68) | 54 (80.6) | 81 (29.0) | χ21=60.4 | <.001 | |||
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Adoption intentions (range 1-7), mean (SD) | 3.66 (2.37) | 5.78 (1.94) | 3.15 (2.17) | t110=9.71 | <.001 | |||
aTwo-tailed t test or chi-square test results.
bEither the participant, their mother, or their father was not born in Germany.