Table 3.
Standardized regression weights and explained variance of hierarchical regression models predicting adoption intentions and frequency of current contact tracing app use.
| Variable | TPBa (model 1) | UTAUTb (model 2) | Integrated model (model 3) | Extended model (model 4) | |||||||||||||||||
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Intention | Frequency | Intention | Frequency | Intention | Frequency | Intention | Frequency | |||||||||||||
| Block 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Covariates | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Age | .02 | .03 | .12 | .14 | .05 | .10 | .06 | .12 | |||||||||||
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Gender (refc: female) | –.02 | –.01 | .05 | .00 | .00 | –.03 | .01 | –.02 | |||||||||||
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Migration background | .03 | .01 | .04 | .01 | .04 | .02 | .04 | .03 | |||||||||||
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Education (ref: ≤lower secondary) | –.02 | –.10 | –.02 | –.08 | –.02 | –.07 | –.02 | –.08 | |||||||||||
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Persons per household | –.01 | –.01 | –.02 | .01 | –.02 | –.01 | –.02 | –.01 | |||||||||||
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Income (ref: €0-€500) | ||||||||||||||||||||
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€501-€1000 | .02 | .02 | .00 | –.01 | –.01 | –.01 | .00 | .00 | |||||||||||
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€1001-€1500 | .03 | .03 | –.01 | .02 | .01 | .02 | .01 | .02 | |||||||||||
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€1501-€2000 | –.05 | –.03 | –.09 | –.07 | –.10d | –.06 | –.09 | –.05 | |||||||||||
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€2001-€2500 | .05 | –.01 | –.03 | –.05 | .01 | –.04 | .02 | –.03 | |||||||||||
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€2501 or more | .06 | .05 | –.04 | –.04 | .02 | –.02 | .03 | –.02 | |||||||||||
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Region (ref: rural) | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Urban | –.06 | –.18d | –.04 | –.17d | –.04 | –.18e | –.05 | –.18e | |||||||||||
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Metropolitan | –.01 | –.16d | –.01 | –.14d | .01 | –.14d | .00 | –.14d | |||||||||||
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Subjective knowledgef | .06 | .17g | .09d | .21g | .07 | .20g | .05 | .18e | |||||||||||
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COVID-19 experience | .01 | –.05 | –.02 | –.08 | –.01 | –.07 | .00 | –.06 | |||||||||||
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Exposureh | .05 | .31g | .08 | .34g | .06 | .33g | .06 | .33g | |||||||||||
| Block 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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TPB | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Attitudes | .28g | .05 | —i | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||
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Personal norms | .22g | .20e |
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.21g | .18e | .19g | .16d | |||||||||||
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Injunctive social norms | .35g | .13 | — | — | .31g | .11 | .29g | .08 | |||||||||||
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Descriptive social norms | .05 | –.07 | — | — | .03 | –.08 | .04 | –.07 | |||||||||||
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Self-efficacy | .08d | .07 | — | — | .03 | .01 | .04 | .02 | |||||||||||
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Controllability | –.02 | –.01 | — | — | .02 | –.02 | .02 | –.02 | |||||||||||
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UTAUT | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Perceived usefulness | — | — | .32g | –.14d | .11 | –.23e | .05 | –.25e | |||||||||||
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Perceived barriers | — | — | –.04 | –.02 | –.03 | –.03 | –.02 | –.02 | |||||||||||
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Perceived ease of use | — | — | .08 | .08 | –.01 | .05 | –.03 | .04 | |||||||||||
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Habit | — | — | .07 | .15d | .04 | .14d | .03 | .12 | |||||||||||
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Price value | — | — | .13d | –.05 | .11d | –.06 | .11d | –.05 | |||||||||||
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Hedonic motivation | — | — | .35g | .39g | .22g | .34g | .21g | .32g | |||||||||||
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Experience | — | — | .00 | –.01 | .03 | .02 | .02 | .01 | |||||||||||
| Block 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Additional variables | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Perceived susceptibility | — | — | — | — | — | — | –.08 | –.05 | |||||||||||
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Anticipatory anxiety | — | — | — | — | — | — | .09d | .15d | |||||||||||
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Anticipated emotion | — | — | — | — | — | — | .01 | –.04 | |||||||||||
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Data privacy concerns | — | — | — | — | — | — | –.04 | –.09d | |||||||||||
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Personalization | — | — | — | — | — | — | .09 | .00 | |||||||||||
| Correlations (R2) | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Block 1 | .04 | .23 | .04 | .23 | .04 | .23 | .04 | .23 | ||||||||||||
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Block 2 | .63 | .33 | .56 | .37 | .67 | .40 | .67 | .40 | ||||||||||||
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Block 3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | .68 | .42 | ||||||||||||
aTPB: theory of planned behavior.
bUTAUT: unified theory of acceptance and use of technology.
cref: reference.
dP<.05.
eP<.01.
fSubjective knowledge about COVID-19 tracing apps.
gP<.001.
hExposure (ie, surveyed after Corona Warn-App launch).
iNot applicable.