Table 3.

Differences in the plaque size in aortic arch and sinus of arsenical-treated ${\text{apoE}}^{-/-}$ mice relative to their control counterparts and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI), presented separately for females and males.

Outcomes	Exposure groups	Females		Males		$p_{\text{Interaction}}$ between males and femalesa
		Relative difference (95% CI)	$p$-Value	Relative difference (95% CI)	$p$-Value
Lesion area (% of total arch)b	${\text{NaAsO}}_2$	2.9 ($-0.2$, 6.0)	0.07	2.7 (0.7, 3.8)	0.01	$<0.01$
	${\text{MMA}}^{\text{III}}$	13.6 (9.5, 17.6)	$<0.001$	7.6 (4.8, 10.5)	$<0.001$
	${\text{MMA}}^{\mathrm{V}}$	8.2 (4.1, 12.3)	$<0.001$	7.3 (4.9, 9.6)	$<0.001$
	${\text{DMA}}^{\mathrm{V}}$	8.6 (4.4, 12.9)	$<0.001$	8.4 (6.0, 10.8)	$<0.001$
Lesion area (% of total sinus)c	${\text{NaAsO}}_2$	2.7 ($-3.6$, 8.9)	0.38	4.9 (1.8, 7.9)	$<0.001$	0.47
	${\text{MMA}}^{\text{III}}$	9.3 (1.4, 17.2)	0.02	8.8 (4.6, 13.1)	$<0.001$
	${\text{MMA}}^{\mathrm{V}}$	1.1 ($-7.4$, 9.5)	0.80	5.9 (2.6, 9.3)	$<0.001$
	${\text{DMA}}^{\mathrm{V}}$	7.4 ($-1.9$, 16.7)	0.11	7.7 (4.1, 11.2)	$<0.001$
Lesion area (in aortic sinus) (${\mathrm{mm}}^2$)d	${\text{NaAsO}}_2$	0.01 ($-0.04$, 0.06)	0.78	0.03 (0, 0.06)	0.06	0.02
	${\text{MMA}}^{\text{III}}$	0.10 (0.03, 0.16)	$<0.01$	0.02 ($-0.02$, 0.06)	0.23
	${\text{MMA}}^{\mathrm{V}}$	$-0.02$ ($-0.09$, 0.05)	0.56	0.03 (0, 0.06)	0.07
	${\text{DMA}}^{\mathrm{V}}$	0.07 ($-0.01$, 0.15)	0.08	0.05 (0.02, 0.09)	$<0.01$

Note: To obtain sex-specific changes, separate models were fitted for females and males using simple mixed regression to control for the intra-litter correlation. All exposure groups were compared with the unexposed (control) group, for each outcome. ${\text{DMA}}^{\mathrm{V}}$, cacodylic acid; ${\text{MMA}}^{\text{III}}$, monomethylarsonous acid; ${\text{MMA}}^{\mathrm{V}}$, disodium methyl arsonate hexahydrate; ${\text{NaAsO}}_2$, sodium arsenite.

^aInteractions between sex and exposure groups were tested using maximum likelihood and the resulting $p$-values are presented here. The corresponding data distribution is depicted in Figures 1C,F and 2C,D and 2F,G.

^bPercentage of oil red O-stained area over the total arch area; Number of ${\text{apoE}}^{-/-}$ litters $\left(N\right)=\text{Control}$: 12, ${\text{NaAsO}}_2$: 9, ${\text{MMA}}^{\text{III}}$: 4, ${\text{MMA}}^{\mathrm{V}}$: 5; ${\text{DMA}}^{\mathrm{V}}$: 5.

^cPercentage of oil red O-stained lesion area over the total sinus area; Number of ${\text{apoE}}^{-/-}$ litters $\left(N\right)=\text{Control}$: 12, ${\text{NaAsO}}_2$: 9, ${\text{MMA}}^{\text{III}}$: 4, ${\text{MMA}}^{\mathrm{V}}$: 4; ${\text{DMA}}^{\mathrm{V}}$: 4.

^dAbsolute lesion area as measured by oil red O-staining; Number of ${\text{apoE}}^{-/-}$ litters $\left(N\right)=\text{Control}$: 12, ${\text{NaAsO}}_2$: 9, ${\text{MMA}}^{\text{III}}$: 4, ${\text{MMA}}^{\mathrm{V}}$: 4; ${\text{DMA}}^{\mathrm{V}}$: 4.