Table 1. Characteristics of the selected studies reporting HCV genotypes in Southeast Asia.
| No. | Author | Country | Target region | Genotyping method | Total GT (n) | GT1 (n) | GT2 (n) | GT3 (n) | GT4 (n) | GT5 (n) | GT6 (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chong et al., 2008 [18] | Brunei | – | sequencing | 7 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2 | Budkowska et al., 2011 [19] | Cambodia | NS5B | phylogeny | 58 | 29 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 |
| 3 | De Weggheleire et al., 2017 [20] | Cambodia | – | LiPA | 87 | 46 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 36 |
| 4 | Lerolle et al., 2012 [21] * | Cambodia | NS5B | sequencing | 28 | 19 | 2 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
| 5 | Nouhin et al., 2019 [22] | Cambodia | NS5B | phylogeny | 3020 | 1444 | 134 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1442 |
| 6 | Yamada et al., 2015 [23] | Cambodia | 5’NCR | – | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| 7 | Anggorowati et al., 2012 [24] | Indonesia | NS5B | phylogeny | 44 | 28 | 0 | 12 | 3 | 0 | 1 |
| 8 | Hadikusumo et al., 2016 [25] | Indonesia | NS5B | phylogeny | 6 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 9 | Hadiwandowo et al., 1994 [26] * | Indonesia | core | PCR | 81 | 39 | 24 | 17 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 10 | Handajani et al., 2019 [27] | Indonesia | 5’UTR, NS5B | phylogeny | 16 | 9 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 11 | Inoue et al., 2000 [28] # | Indonesia | 5’UTR | PCR, phylogeny | 57 | 38 | 12 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 12 | Juniastuti et al., 2014 [29] | Indonesia | 5’UTR, NS5B | sequencing | 99 | 57 | 2 | 39 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 13 | Kurniawan et al., 2018 [30] * | Indonesia | – | – | 274 | 199 | 30 | 32 | 12 | 0 | 1 |
| 14 | Lesmana et al., 1996 [31] | Indonesia | 5’NCR, core | PCR | 104 | 70 | 33 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 15 | Prasetyo et al., 2013 [32] | Indonesia | E1/E2, NS5B | phylogeny | 29 | 19 | 0 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| 16 | Prasetyo et al., 2017 [33] | Indonesia | E1/E2 | phylogeny | 12 | 9 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 17 | Prasetyo et al., 2018 [34] | Indonesia | E1/E2 | phylogeny | 18 | 14 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 18 | Rinonce et al., 2013 [35] | Indonesia | NS5B | phylogeny | 100 | 98 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 19 | Sheng et al., 1994 [36] # | Indonesia | – | PCR | 66 | 51 | 13 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| 20 | Soetjipto et al., 1996 [37] | Indonesia | 5’UTR, NS5B | sequencing | 80 | 60 | 18 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 21 | Tokita et al., 1996 [38] | Indonesia | core, NS5B | PCR, sequencing, phylogeny | 126 | 70 | 42 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 13 |
| 22 | Utama et al., 2008 [39] | Indonesia | 5’UTR, NS5B | phylogeny | 104 | 64 | 21 | 18 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 23 | Utama et al., 2010 [40] | Indonesia | 5’UTR, core, NS5B | phylogeny | 150 | 109 | 24 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 24 | Hübschen et al., 2011 [41] # | Laos | core/E1, NS5B | phylogeny | 45 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43 |
| 25 | Hairul et al., 2012 [42] *,# | Malaysia | 5’UTR, NS5B | phylogeny | 28 | 7 | 0 | 19 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 26 | Ho et al., 2015 [43] * | Malaysia | – | linear array GT strip | 396 | 142 | 7 | 245 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 27 | Mohamed et al., 2013 [44] | Malaysia | NS5B | phylogeny | 37 | 10 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 28 | Ng et al., 2015 [45] | Malaysia | 5’UTR, NS5B | phylogeny | 126 | 52 | 0 | 72 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 29 | Tan et al., 2015 [46] * | Malaysia | – | LiPA | 45 | 12 | 0 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 30 | Zheng et al., 1996 [47] # | Malaysia | 5’NCR, core | PCR, sequencing | 7 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 31 | Bwa et al., 2019 [48] * | Myanmar | – | LiPA | 158 | 24 | 0 | 80 | 0 | 0 | 54 |
| 32 | Lwin et al., 2007 [49] | Myanmar | core, NS5B | phylogeny | 145 | 16 | 1 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 71 |
| 33 | Naing et al., 2015 [50] * | Myanmar | NS | PCR | 350 | 102 | 4 | 178 | 0 | 0 | 66 |
| 34 | Nakai et al., 2001 [51] | Myanmar | 5’UTR | PCR | 22 | 4 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 35 | Shinji et al., 2004 [52] | Myanmar | NS5B | phylogeny | 110 | 35 | 0 | 52 | 0 | 0 | 23 |
| 36 | Ye et al., 2019 [53] | Myanmar | core/E2, NS5B | phylogeny | 21 | 3 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
| 37 | Agdamag et al., 2005 [54] | Philippines | NS5B | phylogeny | 23 | 15 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 38 | Katayama et al., 1996 [55] | Philippines | 5’UTR, NS5B | sequencing | 30 | 27 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 39 | Durier et al., 2017 [56] # | Multi-country | 5’UTR, NS5B | PCR | 373 | 223 | 2 | 97 | 8 | 0 | 43 |
| 40 | Greene et al., 1995 [57] | Multi-country | E1, E2/NS1, NS4, NS5 | sequencing | 57 | 42 | 2 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 41 | Yusrina et al., 2018 [58] # | Multi-country | 5’UTR, core, NS5B | LiPA, PCR, phylogeny | 95 | 28 | 5 | 41 | 0 | 0 | 21 |
| 42 | Choy et al., 2019 [59] * | Singapore | – | LiPA | 116 | 77 | 0 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 43 | Lee et al., 1994 [60] * | Singapore | 5’NCR | sequencing | 40 | 35 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 44 | Soh et al., 2019 [61] | Singapore | – | LiPA | 63 | 24 | 1 | 27 | 4 | 0 | 7 |
| 45 | Akkarathamrongsin et al., 2013 [62] | Thailand | core, NS5B | phylogeny | 354 | 124 | 2 | 157 | 0 | 0 | 71 |
| 46 | Akkarathamrongsin et al., 2011 [63] | Thailand | core | phylogeny | 39 | 8 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 17 |
| 47 | Avihingsanon et al., 2014 [64] *,# | Thailand | 5’UTR, core, NS5B | sequencing | 370 | 128 | 2 | 176 | 0 | 1 | 63 |
| 48 | Barusrux et al., 2012 [65] | Thailand | 5’UTR, core | sequencing | 7 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 49 | Barusrux et al., 2014 [66] | Thailand | 5’UTR, core | phylogeny | 101 | 16 | 0 | 76 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
| 50 | Boonyarad et al., 2003 [67] | Thailand | core | LiPA, RFLP, phylogeny | 7 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 51 | Chuenjitkulthaworn et al., 2019 [68] | Thailand | – | – | 20 | 10 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 52 | Hansurabhanon et al., 2002 [69] # | Thailand | – | RFLP | 282 | 55 | 0 | 217 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 53 | Jutavijittum et al., 2009 [70] | Thailand | core/E1 | sequencing | 124 | 35 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 39 |
| 54 | Kanistanon et al., 1997 [71] | Thailand | 5’UTR, core | RHA | 216 | 76 | 0 | 99 | 0 | 0 | 41 |
| 55 | Kumthip et al., 2014 [72] | Thailand | core | LiPA, sequencing | 158 | 49 | 0 | 86 | 0 | 0 | 23 |
| 56 | Luengrojanakul et al., 1994 [73] *,# | Thailand | core | PCR | 83 | 14 | 21 | 3 | 0 | 43 | 2 |
| 57 | Martin et al., 2019 [74] | Thailand | HVR1 | phylogeny | 218 | 94 | 0 | 93 | 0 | 0 | 31 |
| 58 | Nakahira et al., 1995 [75] # | Thailand | 5’NCR | PCR | 42 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 59 | Netski et al., 2004 [76] | Thailand | core/E1 | phylogeny | 161 | 52 | 0 | 66 | 0 | 0 | 43 |
| 60 | Sirinawasatien et al., 2019 [77] * | Thailand | core | sequencing | 216 | 62 | 0 | 110 | 0 | 0 | 44 |
| 61 | Sirinawasatien et al., 2020 [78] * | Thailand | core | sequencing | 185 | 74 | 0 | 70 | 0 | 0 | 41 |
| 62 | Sistayanarain et al., 2011 [79] # | Thailand | core | PCR | 100 | 28 | 0 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 32 |
| 63 | Smolders et al., 2018 [80] *,# | Thailand | – | – | 98 | 38 | 0 | 46 | 0 | 0 | 14 |
| 64 | Songsivilai et al., 1996 [81] | Thailand | 5’NCR | RHA | 8 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 65 | Sugiyama et al., 1995 [82]* | Thailand | 5’UTR, core, NS5 | PCR sequencing | 13 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 66 | Sunanchaikarn et al., 2007 [83] | Thailand | 5’UTR, core | sequencing | 45 | 15 | 2 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| 67 | Theamboonlers et al., 2000 [84] | Thailand | 5’NCR, core | RFLP | 124 | 61 | 0 | 54 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
| 68 | Tokita et al., 1995 [85] # | Thailand | core | PCR, sequencing, phylogeny | 79 | 33 | 3 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 69 | Wasitthankasem et al., 2015 [86] | Thailand | core, NS5B | phylogeny | 588 | 191 | 3 | 271 | 0 | 0 | 123 |
| 70 | Wasitthankasem et al., 2016 [87] | Thailand | core, NS5B | phylogeny | 23 | 4 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| 71 | Wasitthankasem et al., 2017 [88] | Thailand | core | phylogeny | 234 | 74 | 0 | 73 | 0 | 0 | 87 |
| 72 | Do et al., 2015 [89] | Vietnam | – | – | 9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| 73 | Dunford et al., 2012 [90] | Vietnam | core/E1, NS5B | phylogeny | 282 | 169 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 107 |
| 74 | Duong et al., 2016 [91] | Vietnam | – | genotyping kit | 14 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| 75 | Duong et al., 2019 [92] | Vietnam | – | genotyping kit | 18 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
| 76 | Kakumu et al., 1998 [93] # | Vietnam | core | PCR | 42 | 22 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 77 | Le Ngoc et al., 2019 [94] | Vietnam | 5’UTR, core, NS5B | phylogeny | 322 | 182 | 24 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 109 |
| 78 | Li et al., 2014 [95] | Vietnam | core/E1, NS5B | phylogeny | 236 | 77 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 125 |
| 79 | Lioznov et al., 2016 [96] * | Vietnam | – | – | 1604 | 806 | 308 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 490 |
| 80 | Minh 2015 [97] * | Vietnam | NS5B | phylogeny | 390 | 111 | 61 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 216 |
| 81 | Nadol et al., 2016 [98] * | Vietnam | 5’UTR | phylogeny | 41 | 30 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
| 82 | Nguyen et al., 2016 [99] | Vietnam | core, NS5B | sequencing | 93 | 64 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 24 |
| 83 | Nguyen et al., 2018 [100] * | Vietnam | – | – | 82 | 57 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 22 |
| 84 | Noppornpanth et al., 2006 [101] *,# | Vietnam | core, NS5B | phylogeny | 58 | 22 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 |
| 85 | Pham et al., 2009 [102] | Vietnam | core, NS5B | phylogeny | 70 | 33 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 33 |
| 86 | Pham et al., 2011 [103] | Vietnam | NS5B | sequencing | 842 | 256 | 128 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 458 |
| 87 | Song et al., 1994 [104] # | Vietnam | core | PCR | 47 | 43 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 88 | Tanimoto et al., 2010 [105] | Vietnam | 5’UTR/core, NS5B | phylogeny | 114 | 75 | 1 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 28 |
| 89 | Tokita et al., 1994 [106] # | Vietnam | – | PCR, phylogeny | 47 | 43 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 90 | Tran et al., 2003 [107] | Vietnam | 5’UTR | PCR | 21 | 9 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
GT, genotype; LiPA, line probe assay; RFLP, restriction-fragment length polymorphism; RHA, reverse hybridization assay; Multi-country, more than one Southeast Asian country.
*Study did not present data on HCV subtypes or the data could not be extracted.
#Study reports cases of mixed genotype and/or subtypes.