Table 2. Subgroup analysis for comparison of genotype distribution across Southeast Asian countries.
| Country | Number of studies | Prevalence (%) | 95% CI | I2 (%) | Q | Heterogeneity test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DF | p | ||||||
| Genotype 1 | |||||||
| Philippines | 2 | 79.5 | 45.6–94.7 | 77.16 | 4.378 | 1 | 0.036 |
| Thailand | 27 | 32.9 | 29.5–36.4 | 75.79 | 107.412 | 26 | < 0.001 |
| Indonesia | 17 | 62.7 | 61.4–72.6 | 73.77 | 61.005 | 16 | < 0.001 |
| Cambodia | 5 | 50.2 | 44.6–55.8 | 31.91 | 5.875 | 4 | 0.209 |
| Myanmar | 6 | 19.8 | 13.2–28.7 | 82.83 | 29.114 | 5 | < 0.001 |
| Brunei | 1 | 42.9 | 14.4–77.0 | – | – | – | – |
| Singapore | 3 | 65.7 | 38.3–85.5 | 91.71 | 24.122 | 2 | < 0.001 |
| Vietnam | 19 | 56.1 | 48.3–63.6 | 94.23 | 312.136 | 18 | < 0.001 |
| Multi-country* | 3 | 54.3 | 31.8–72.5 | 94.03 | 33.523 | 2 | < 0.001 |
| Malaysia | 6 | 34.9 | 29.5–40.7 | 30.11 | 7.154 | 5 | 0.209 |
| Laos | 1 | 4.4 | 1.1–16.1 | – | – | – | – |
| Overall | 90 | 46.8 | 43.2–50.4 | 92.77 | 1230.186 | 89 | < 0.001 |
| Genotype 2 | |||||||
| Philippines | 2 | 20.5 | 5.3–54.4 | 77.16 | 4.378 | 1 | 0.036 |
| Thailand | 27 | 1.1 | 0.5–2.6 | 82.46 | 148.233 | 26 | < 0.001 |
| Indonesia | 17 | 16.4 | 11.7–22.5 | 78.55 | 74.602 | 16 | < 0.001 |
| Cambodia | 5 | 4.4 | 3.8–5.2 | 0 | 1.417 | 4 | 0.841 |
| Myanmar | 6 | 1.0 | 0.5–2.1 | 0 | 1.851 | 5 | 0.869 |
| Brunei | 1 | 14.3 | 2.0–58.1 | – | – | – | – |
| Singapore | 3 | 2.2 | 0.6–7.8 | 28.18 | 2.785 | 2 | 0.248 |
| Vietnam | 19 | 10.6 | 7.9–14.0 | 80.40 | 91.830 | 18 | < 0.001 |
| Multi-country* | 3 | 2.3 | 0.6–8.6 | 74.12 | 7.729 | 2 | 0.021 |
| Malaysia | 6 | 1.7 | 0.9–3.1 | 0 | 2.081 | 5 | 0.838 |
| Laos | 1 | 1.1 | 0.1–15.1 | – | – | – | – |
| Overall | 90 | 4.6 | 3.5–5.9 | 88.84 | 797.228 | 89 | < 0.001 |
| Genotype 3 | |||||||
| Philippines | 2 | 1.8 | 0.3–11.9 | 0 | 0.017 | 1 | 0.897 |
| Thailand | 27 | 45.8 | 40.7–51.0 | 87.40 | 206.310 | 26 | < 0.001 |
| Indonesia | 17 | 13.0 | 8.4–19.6 | 83.56 | 97.306 | 16 | < 0.001 |
| Cambodia | 5 | 0.7 | 0.1–4.1 | 58.44 | 9.625 | 4 | 0.047 |
| Myanmar | 6 | 59.0 | 42.2–55.9 | 64.89 | 14.242 | 5 | 0.014 |
| Brunei | 1 | 42.9 | 14.4–77.0 | – | – | – | – |
| Singapore | 3 | 27.7 | 14.3–46.8 | 82.86 | 11.670 | 2 | 0.003 |
| Vietnam | 19 | 2.1 | 1.2–3.7 | 64.27 | 50.375 | 18 | < 0.001 |
| Multi-country* | 3 | 30.3 | 20.0–43.1 | 82.80 | 11.630 | 2 | 0.003 |
| Malaysia | 6 | 63.1 | 57.4–68.5 | 27.85 | 6.930 | 5 | 0.226 |
| Laos | 1 | 1.1 | 0.1–15.1 | – | – | – | – |
| Overall | 90 | 23.1 | 19.4–27.2 | 93.03 | 1277.648 | 89 | < 0.001 |
| Genotype 4 | |||||||
| Philippines | 2 | 1.8 | 0.3–11.9 | 0 | 0.017 | 1 | 0.897 |
| Thailand | 27 | 0.6 | 0.3–1.0 | 0 | 19.590 | 26 | 0.811 |
| Indonesia | 17 | 2.7 | 1.7–4.4 | 21.44 | 20.366 | 16 | 0.204 |
| Cambodia | 5 | 1.2 | 0.1–1.86 | 88.69 | 35.374 | 4 | < 0.001 |
| Myanmar | 6 | 0.6 | 0.2–1.7 | 0 | 3.158 | 5 | 0.676 |
| Brunei | 1 | 6.3 | 0.4–53.9 | – | – | – | – |
| Singapore | 3 | 2.2 | 0.4–11.8 | 52.26 | 4.189 | 2 | 0.123 |
| Vietnam | 19 | 0.6 | 0.3–1.2 | 11.77 | 20.402 | 18 | 0.311 |
| Multi-country* | 3 | 1.9 | 1.0–3.6 | 0 | 1.288 | 2 | 0.525 |
| Malaysia | 6 | 1.2 | 0.4–3.8 | 13.00 | 5.747 | 5 | 0.332 |
| Laos | 1 | 1.1 | 0.1–15.1 | – | – | – | – |
| Overall | 90 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.5 | 49.88 | 177.585 | 89 | < 0.001 |
| Genotype 5 | |||||||
| Philippines | 2 | 1.8 | 0.3–11.9 | 0 | 0.017 | 1 | 0.897 |
| Thailand | 27 | 0.8 | 0.2–2.8 | 89.12 | 238.885 | 26 | < 0.001 |
| Indonesia | 17 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.8 | 0 | 7.755 | 16 | 0.956 |
| Cambodia | 5 | 0.6 | 0.1–3.8 | 57.04 | 9.310 | 4 | 0.054 |
| Myanmar | 6 | 0.6 | 0.2–1.7 | 0 | 3.158 | 5 | 0.676 |
| Brunei | 1 | 6.3 | 0.4–53.9 | – | – | – | – |
| Singapore | 3 | 0.7 | 0.1–3.6 | 0 | 0.279 | 2 | 0.870 |
| Vietnam | 19 | 0.6 | 0.3–1.0 | 0 | 17.021 | 18 | 0.522 |
| Multi-country* | 3 | 0.4 | 0.1–1.9 | 0 | 0.933 | 2 | 0.627 |
| Malaysia | 6 | 0.9 | 0.3–2.9 | 0 | 4.451 | 5 | 0.486 |
| Laos | 1 | 1.1 | 0.1–15.1 | – | – | – | – |
| Overall | 90 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.3 | 79.25 | 428.906 | 89 | < 0.001 |
| Genotype 6 | |||||||
| Philippines | 2 | 1.8 | 0.3–11.9 | 0 | 0.017 | 1 | 0.897 |
| Thailand | 27 | 16.7 | 13.4–20.7 | 85.19 | 175.546 | 26 | < 0.001 |
| Indonesia | 17 | 1.3 | 0.6–3.1 | 57.39 | 37.553 | 16 | 0.002 |
| Cambodia | 5 | 45.7 | 36.7–54.9 | 61.09 | 10.280 | 4 | 0.036 |
| Myanmar | 6 | 29.0 | 18.1–43.0 | 90.90 | 54.930 | 5 | < 0.001 |
| Brunei | 1 | 6.3 | 0.4–59.3 | – | – | – | – |
| Singapore | 3 | 2.5 | 0.3–20.4 | 72.23 | 7.203 | 2 | 0.027 |
| Vietnam | 19 | 34.6 | 28.0–41.8 | 92.96 | 255.582 | 18 | < 0.001 |
| Multi-country* | 3 | 12.8 | 5.8–26.0 | 82.11 | 11.179 | 2 | 0.004 |
| Malaysia | 6 | 1.3 | 0.6–2.9 | 0 | 4.165 | 5 | 0.526 |
| Laos | 1 | 95.6 | 83.9–98.9 | – | – | – | – |
| Overall | 90 | 16.5 | 13.8–19.6 | 93.98 | 1479.448 | 89 | < 0.001 |
*Genotyped and analyzed samples from more than one Southeast Asian country.