Table 1. List of behaviors coded during the behavioral observations (ethogram).
| Behavior | Description | Coded as |
|---|---|---|
| grooming | One animal combing through the hair of another, usually with hands, but can be with mouth. | duration |
| groom soliciting | Posture to solicit grooming from another animal, can groom solicit from more than one animal simultaneously. | frequency |
| proximity | Subject is within arm’s length to another animal. Not scored for animals passing by or when animals are in motion. | duration |
| eye-gaze | Making direct eye contact with another animal, if prolonged, 1 additional occurrence coded for every 3 seconds. | frequency |
| touch | Subject approaches and touches another animal, distinct from grooming; if prolonged, 1 additional occurrence coded for every 3 seconds. | frequency |
| social play | Playing with another animal, including wrestle, play chase and playing with tale. | frequency |
| contact | Majority of body is touching another animal. | duration |
| solitary play | Does not involve a partner, vigorous play by oneself. Manipulate/tactile an object (e.g. rock, poop, cage), climb or swing for at least 3 seconds. | duration |
| sitting alone | Sitting out of proximity (arm’s length) to other animals. | frequency |
| aggression | Hostile interaction between 2 animals, with or without physical contact between the animals (e.g.: slap or grab and attack, bite, physical threat, open mouth, barking, lunge). | frequency |
| scream | High pitch, high intensity screech or loud chirp. | frequency |
| submissive behavior | Sum of lip-smacking (opening and closing lips) and withdrawing (avoiding or pulling away from another animal) behaviors. | frequency |
| grimace | Open mouth wide to show teeth with a closed jaw to another animal, pulling back of lips to display teeth. | frequency |
| display | Shaking or bouncing vigorously to convey dominance status. | frequency |
| following | Persistent trailing of another animal; both moving simultaneously, within arm’s reach. | duration |
| breaking proximity | Leaving behind another animal (beyond arm’s reach), end of being in proximity (within arm’s length) with another animal. | frequency |
| anxiety | Sum of scratching, yawning, body-shaking and self-directed behaviors (e.g. self-exploring, self-grooming). | frequency |
| sex-related behavior | Sum of hip touch (subject places two hands on hip of the other animal) and mount (subject’s feet are clasped on the outside of the ankles of the other animal) behaviors. | frequency |
| stereotypy | Any odd/repetitive patterns of behavior. | duration |
Two hours of focal behavioral data was collected from each animal (4x30min sessions on 4 different days) in their social compound, based on the ethogram above.