Table 2.
Comorbidities, outpatient medication, quality of care and exercise metrics of KPGA patients with COVID-19, by race/ethnicity
| All (N=5721) |
Black (n=3339) |
White (n=1689) |
Hispanic (n=487) |
Asian (n=206) |
P value | |
| Comorbidities, N (%) | ||||||
| HTN | 1816 (31.7) | 1160 (34.7)* ** | 507 (30)† | 87 (17.9)††† | 62 (30.1) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes | 898 (15.7) | 570 (17.1)* ** | 229 (13.6) | 62 (12.7) | 37 (18) | 0.0022 |
| Obesity (BMI >30) | 439 (7.7) | 300 (9)* *** | 102 (6)†† | 32 (6.6)††† | 5 (2.4) | <0.0001 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 1262 (22.1) | 667 (20)* *** | 453 (26.8) | 82 (16.8)††† | 60 (29.1) | <0.0001 |
| CAD | 285 (5) | 135 (4)* | 125 (7.4)† | 13 (2.7)††† | 12 (5.8) | <0.0001 |
| CHF | 320 (5.6) | 187 (5.6)* ** | 121 (7.2)† †† | 6 (1.2) | 6 (2.9) | <0.0001 |
| Asthma | 574 (10) | 377 (11.3)* ** *** | 148 (8.8) | 35 (7.2) | 14 (6.8) | 0.0013 |
| COPD | 153 (2.7) | 64 (1.9)* | 78 (4.6)† | 5 (1) | 6 (2.9) | <0.0001 |
| Arrhythmia | 172 (3) | 79 (2.4)* ** | 85 (5)† | 3 (0.6)††† | 5 (2.4) | <0.0001 |
| ESRD‡ | 4 (0.1) | 3 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.8726 |
| HIV | 65 (1.1) | 54 (1.6)* ** | 9 (0.5) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.5) | 0.0007 |
| Depression | 633 (11.1) | 318 (9.5)* | 262 (15.5)† †† | 39 (8) | 14 (6.8) | <0.0001 |
| CKD§ | 100 (1.8) | 62 (1.9)** | 31 (1.8) | 3 (0.6) | 4 (1.9) | 0.2632 |
| Cancer | 93 (1.6) | 55 (1.7) | 33 (2)† | 3 (0.6) | 2 (1) | 0.1867 |
| 2+ comorbidities¶ | 1823 (31.9) | 1095 (32.8)*** | 570 (33.7)† | 90 (18.5)††† | 68 (33) | <0.0001 |
| 3+ comorbidities¶ | 966 (16.9) | 560 (16.8)* *** | 333 (19.7)† | 41 (8.4)††† | 32 (15.5) | <0.0001 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD)‡‡ | 1.9 (1.4)* ** | 1.9 (1.5) | 2.1 (1.7)† | 1.5 (1.1) | 1.67 (1.2) | 0.0014 |
| Outpatient medication, N (%) | ||||||
| Antirheumatic | 17 (0.3) | 8 (0.2) | 7 (0.4) | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0.5696 |
| Antihypertensive | 1059 (18.5) | 632 (18.9)** | 329 (19.5)† | 62 (12.7) | 36 (17.5) | 0.0062 |
| Antiasthmatic | 890 (15.6) | 533 (16) | 274 (16.2) | 57 (11.7) | 26 (12.6) | 0.3283 |
| Antihyperlipidaemic | 1034 (18.1) | 543 (16.3)* *** | 371 (22)† | 65 (13.4)††† | 55 (26.7) | <0.0001 |
| Corticosteroids | 1244 (21.7) | 726 (21.7)* | 388 (23)† | 89 (18.3) | 41 (19.9) | 0.1478 |
| Cough/cold medication | 788 (13.8) | 459 (13.8) | 249 (14.7) | 56 (11.5) | 24 (11.7) | 0.2367 |
| Antimalarial | 31 (0.5) | 22 (0.7)* | 4 (0.2) | 4 (0.8) | 1 (0.5) | 0.2139 |
| Quality of care metrics§§ | ||||||
| Blood pressure >140/90¶¶ | 501 (27.6) | 349 (30.1)** | 118 (23.3)† | 21 (24.1)††† | 13 (21) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes uncontrolled (A1C>8)¶¶ | 286 (31.8) | 195 (34.2) | 65 (28.4) | 18 (29) | 8 (21.6) | 0.1976 |
| Average exercise minutes, mean (SD)‡‡‡ | 79.9 (114) | 75.3 (113.4)* | 91 (128.1) | 76.7 (115.6) | 87.5 (99.7) | 0.0034 |
| EVS category, N (%)§§§ | ||||||
| Inactive | 1648 (28.8) | 998 (29.9) | 460 (27.2) | 136 (27.9) | 54 (26.2) | 0.0044 |
| Insufficient | 1336 (23.4) | 814 (24.4%)* | 359 (21.3) | 107 (22) | 56 (27.2) | |
| Sufficient | 785 (13.7) | 432 (12.9)* | 265 (15.7)† | 57 (11.7) | 31 (15.1) | |
| No information | 1952 (34.1) | 1095 (32.8)* ** | 605 (35.8) | 187 (38.4) | 65 (31.6) | |
Significance levels: *Black vs white; **Black vs Hispanic; ***Black vs Asian; †White vs Hispanic; ††White vs Asian; †††Hispanic vs Asian, significant difference at p<0.05.
‡ESRD classified based on diagnosis reported by the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems code (ICD-10) in patient’s medical history.
§CKD classified based on diagnosis reported by the ICD-10 code in patient’s medical history.
¶Comorbidities here are medical diagnoses included in medical history as ICD-10 codes. These include, but are not limited to, those presented in the table.
‡‡Charlson Comorbidity Index predicts the 10-year mortality of a patient based on age and comorbidities. Scores are summed to provide a total predictive score. The lowest score of 0 corresponds to a 98% estimated 10-year survival rate (Charlson et al 1987).
§§Assessed at the most recent clinical encounter within the last 12 months.
¶¶Blood pressure control was evaluated only among patients with hypertension (n=1816) and glucose control among patients with diabetes (n=898).
‡‡‡Average exercise was collected from self-reported data.
§§§EVS is based on patient-reported weekly exercise minutes. We used three categories: inactive for patients who reported less than 10 min/week; insufficiently active for patients who reported 11–149 min/week; and sufficiently active for patients who reported 150 or more min/week.
BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; EVS, exercise as a vital sign; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HTN, hypertension; KPGA, Kaiser Permanente Georgia.