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GWA and isotopic labeling can resolve distinct metabolites and fragments and isotopologues that co-chromatograph. A, Extracted ion chromatogram from stems showing all MS features that co-elute with sinapoylmalate (SM) and feruloylmalate (FM). Identified SM and FM fragments are highlighted in red and blue, respectively. B, MS/MS fragmentation of SM (M-H of 339) and FM (M-H of 309). C, The percentage of SNPs that the parental ions, fragments, and isotopologues of SM and FM share.
