Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics Stratified by Depressive Symptoms
| Characteristic | Discovery Cohort | Validation Cohort | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low Depressive Symptoms (n = 38) | High Depressive Symptoms (n = 17) | Low Depressive Symptoms (n = 26) | High Depressive Symptoms (n = 18) | |
| Demographic | ||||
| Age, median (IQR), y | 52 (48–61) | 53 (47–60) | 49 (46–57) | 49 (47–56) |
| Race, no. (%) | ||||
| Black | 9 (24) | 5 (30) | 7 (27) | 6 (33) |
| White | 17 (45) | 9 (53) | 15 (58) | 10 (57) |
| Male sex, no. (%) | 28 (74) | 13 (77) | 23 (89) | 14 (78) |
| Educational level, median grade (IQR), y | 12 (11–13) | 13 (12–16) | 12 (12–14) | 13 (12–14) |
| HIV-specific parameters | ||||
| T-cell count, median (IQR), cells/μL | ||||
| CD4+ | 360 (219–525) | 399 (168–603) | 362 (217–653) | 617 (384–726) |
| CD8+ | 805 (572–1329) | 934 (705–1126) | 899 (695–1104) | 973 (747–1147) |
| CD4+ nadir | 74 (22–154) | 66 (24–114) | 14 (6–45)c | 142 (33–215)c |
| Plasma VL, median (IQR) copies/mLa | 40 (40–40) | 40 (40–103) | 40 (40–40) | 40 (40–40) |
| CNS penetration effectiveness score, mean (SD) | 8 (2) | 9 (2) | 9 (2)c | 7 (1)c |
| Efavirenz use, no. (%) | 8 (21) | 2 (12) | 3 (12)c | 8 (44)c |
| Estimated duration of HIV, mean (SD), y | 16 (7) | 17 (6) | 17 (6) | 17 (8) |
| Neurological characteristics | ||||
| BDI score, median (IQR) | 3 (0–6)c | 32 (25–35)c | 1 (0–5)c | 23 (22–31)c |
| Current antidepressant use, no. (%) | 9 (24) | 8 (47) | 4 (15) | 8 (44) |
| SSRI or SNRI use, no. (%) | 7 (18) | 7 (41) | 3 (12) | 6 (33) |
| Current HAND diagnosis, no. (%)b | 10 (26) | 6 (35) | 6 (23) | 7 (39) |
| Current MND or HAD, no. (%) | 5 (13) | 5 (29) | 1 (3.8) | 3 (16) |
| Other clinical characteristics | ||||
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 27 (6) | 23 (4) | 25 (4) | 24 (6) |
| CVD, no. (%) | 10 (26) | 4 (24) | 1 (4) | 4 (22) |
| Current hyperlipidemia, no. (%) | 12 (32) | 3 (18) | 6 (23) | 6 (33) |
| Mean level (SD), mg/dL | ||||
| Total cholesterol | 182 (44) | 174 (41) | 165 (34)c | 189 (22)c |
| LDL cholesterol | 104 (40) | 100 (19) | 87 (28) | 106 (29) |
| HDL cholesterol | 42 (12) | 52 (10) | 46 (18) | 51 (19) |
| Triglycerides | 237 (133) | 216 (102) | 165 (97) | 159 (67) |
| Statin use, no. (%) | 8 (21) | 2 (12) | 3 (12) | 6 (33) |
| HCV Ab and RNA positive, no. (%) | 5 (13) | 1 (6) | 1 (4) | 3 (17) |
| eGFR, mean (SD)d | 80 (23) | 76 (22) | 86 (27) | 88 (19) |
| Current cocaine use, no. (%) | 5 (13) | 4 (24) | 5 (19) | 2 (11) |
| Current smoker, no. (%) | 22 (58) | 9 (53) | 13 (50) | 12 (67) |
Abbreviations: Ab, antibody; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BMI, body mass index; CNS, central nervous system; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HAD, HIV-associated dementia; HAND, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MND, mild neurocognitive disorder; SD, standard deviation; SNRI, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; VL, viral load.
aThe VL was <200 copies/mL in 51 participants (93%) and 42 participants (95%) in the discovery and validation cohort, respectively.
bHAND diagnosis includes asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment, MND, or HAD.
c P value < .05 for difference between low and high depressive symptoms within a cohort.
deGFR calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation [33].