Table 1.

Summary description of included studies

Characteristic	Articles*
Region
Africa: Cameroon, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa and Uganda	12
Asia: China, Japan, Laos, Malaysia and Thailand	12
Europe: France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and UK	13
Americas: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Puerto Rico and USA	32
Australia/Pacific	2
Multiple regions (India, Nicaragua and Uganda)	1
Populations (not mutually exclusive)
Women from the general population	63
Never-screened or underscreened	14
Women living with HIV	3
Female sex workers	1
Women experiencing homelessnes	1
Adolescent girls and young women	3
Sexual and gender minorities	2
Study design
Qualitative	9
Quantitative	58
Mixed methods or multimethod	5
Specimen collection device and methods
Swab	23
Brush	20
Lavage	3
Labial padette	1
Tampon†	5
Multiple devices	7
Urine‡	2
Unspecified	11
Setting for self-sampling
Actual use at clinic	33
Actual use in workplace	1
Actual use at home	21
Actual use in community setting	4
Unspecified	13
Total	72

*The number of studies within each category is not mutually exclusive.

†All five studies compared tampon with other self-sampling devices.32 34 49–51

‡One study included both urine self-sampling and self-sampling using a cervical swab.⁶⁶