Table 2.
Multilevel multivariable results for individual/household and community-level predictors of utilization of deworming medication among pregnant women: evidence from 2018/19 CDHS.
| Variables | Model 0 | Model I AOR [95% CI] | Model II AOR [95% CI] | Model III AOR [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women's educational status | ||||
| No formal education (ref) | ||||
| Primary school | 1.38 (1.08-1.77)∗ | 1.27 (0.99-1.64) | ||
| Secondary school | 1.53 (1.16-2.02)∗∗ | 1.38 (1.04-1.83)∗ | ||
| Higher | 1.43 (0.93-2.22) | 1.28 (0.82-1.98) | ||
| Husband educational status | ||||
| No formal education (ref) | ||||
| Primary school | 0.91 (0.72-1.15) | 0.85 (0.67-1.07) | ||
| Secondary school | 0.92 (0.72-1.17) | 0.86 (0.67-1.09) | ||
| Higher | 0.87 (0.60-1.25) | 0.83 (0.58-1.19) | ||
| Women occupation | ||||
| Not working (ref) | ||||
| Clerical | 0.92 (0.51-1.69) | 0.88 (0.48-1.60) | ||
| Sales | 1.18 (0.96-1.45) | 1.19 (0.97-1.46) | ||
| Agricultural self-employed | 1.22 (0.98-1.52) | 1.23 (0.98-1.54) | ||
| Services | 1.08 (0.83-1.39) | 1.07 (0.83-1.38) | ||
| Skilled manual | 0.92 (0.68-1.24) | 0.93 (0.69-1.26) | ||
| Unskilled manual | 1.14 (0.63-2.07) | 1.10 (0.61-1.98) | ||
| Husband occupation | ||||
| Not working (ref) | ||||
| Professional or technical or managerial | 0.74 (0.42-1.29) | 0.80 (0.45-1.39) | ||
| Clerical | 0.73 (0.38-1.39) | 0.79 (0.42-1.49) | ||
| Sales | 0.69 (0.42-1.13) | 0.74 (0.46-1.21) | ||
| Agricultural self-employed | 0.82 (0.50-1.35) | 0.91 (0.56-1.48) | ||
| Service | 0.68 (0.41-1.14) | 0.75 (0.45-1.25) | ||
| Skilled manual | 0.91 (0.56-1.48) | 0.97 (0.60-1.56) | ||
| Unskilled manual | 0.52 (0.29-0.95)∗ | 0.58 (0.32-1.04) | ||
| Religion | ||||
| Catholic (ref) | ||||
| Protestant | 1.04 (0.87-1.24) | 1.00 (0.83-1.19) | ||
| Other Christians | 0.90 (0.69-1.18) | 0.86 (0.66-1.12) | ||
| Muslim | 0.88 (0.70-1.10) | 0.96 (0.76-1.21) | ||
| Other | 0.61 (0.38-0.98)∗ | 0.67 (0.42-1.06) | ||
| Media exposure | ||||
| No (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 1.12 (0.92-1.36) | 1.08 (0.89-1.31) | ||
| Economic status | ||||
| Quintiles 1 (ref) | ||||
| Quintiles 2 | 1.51 (1.16-1.98)∗∗ | 1.32 (1.00-1.74)∗ | ||
| Quintiles 3 | 1.59 (1.18-2.13)∗∗ | 1.39 (1.01-1.90)∗ | ||
| Quintiles 4 | 1.93 (1.39-2.69)∗∗∗ | 1.69 (1.17-2.44)∗∗ | ||
| Quintiles 5 | 2.19 (1.51-3.16)∗∗∗ | 1.90 (1.25-2.88)∗∗ | ||
| Decision-making | ||||
| No (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 1.04 (0.89-1.20) | 0.98 (0.85-1.14) | ||
| Skill ANC | ||||
| No (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 18.25 (10.88-30.62)∗∗∗ | 18.54 (11.05-31.10)∗∗∗ | ||
| Sex of HH head | ||||
| Male (ref) | ||||
| Female | 1.07 (0.88-1.30) | 1.03 (0.85-1.26) | ||
| Distance to HF | ||||
| Big problem (ref) | ||||
| Not a big problem | 1.28 (1.11-1.48)∗∗ | 1.19 (1.02-1.39)∗ | ||
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urban (ref) | ||||
| Rural | 0.89 (0.70-1.15) | 1.08 (0.83-1.41) | ||
| Region | ||||
| Adamawa (ref) | ||||
| Centre (without Yaoun) | 1.44 (0.89-2.35) | 0.98 (0.59-1.63) | ||
| Douala | 1.38 (0.82-2.31) | 0.91 (0.54-1.55) | ||
| East | 1.76 (1.14-2.71)∗ | 1.34 (0.85-2.13) | ||
| Far-North | 1.05 (0.71-1.56) | 0.92 (0.61-1.39) | ||
| Littoral (without Dou) | 1.17 (0.70-1.95) | 0.72 (0.43-1.22) | ||
| North | 0.32 (0.20-0.50)∗∗∗ | 0.27 (0.17-0.43)∗∗∗ | ||
| North-West | 2.40 (1.49-3.86)∗∗∗ | 1.44 (0.88-2.36) | ||
| West | 1.27 (0.78-2.06) | 0.77 (0.47-1.27) | ||
| South | 3.08 (1.89-5.02)∗∗∗ | 2.09 (1.27-3.45)∗∗ | ||
| South-West | 1.53 (0.78-3.03) | 1.04 (0.52-2.07) | ||
| Yaounde | 1.23 (0.74-2.05) | 0.87 (0.52-1.47) | ||
| Community literacy level | ||||
| Low (ref) | ||||
| Medium | 1.22 (0.89-1.67) | 0.98 (0.71-1.34) | ||
| High | 1.36 (0.95-1.96) | 1.10 (0.76-1.59) | ||
| Community socioeconomic status | ||||
| Low (ref) | ||||
| Moderate | 1.21 (0.93-1.56) | 1.08 (0.83-1.40) | ||
| High | 1.21 (0.88-1.67) | 1.05 (0.75-1.47) | ||
| Random effect result | ||||
| PSU variance (95% CI) | 0.77 (0.60-0.98) | 0.45 (0.33-0.61) | 0.31 (0.21-0.44) | 0.26 (0.18-0.40) |
| ICC | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.07 |
| LR test | 308.19 | 121.02 | 71.58 | 52.73 |
| Wald chi-square and p-value | Reference | χ 2 = 230.37, P < 0.001 | χ 2 = 215.02, P < 0.001 | χ 2 = 332.48, P < 0.001 |
| Model fitness | ||||
| Log-likelihood | -2988.28 | -2775.28 | -2891.00 | -2723.31 |
| AIC | 5980.56 | 5616.57 | 5820.01 | 5546.63 |
| PSU | 427 | 427 | 427 | 427 |
| N | 5,013 | 5,013 | 5,013 | 5,013 |
Notes: ∗ significant at P < 0.05, ∗∗ significant at P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ significant at P < 0.001; ref: reference; AIC: Akaike Information Criterion.