Table 3.
Associations between energy-standardized dairy intake and sociodemographic, lifestyle and anthropometric factors
| Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors | Dairy (g/1000 kcal) | |
|---|---|---|
| Coefficients | 95% CI | |
| Sex | ||
| Men | 0 | ref |
| Women | 20.7 | [13.2; 28.1] |
| Language regionsa | ||
| German | 0 | ref |
| French | − 24.3 | [− 32.4; − 16.1] |
| Italian | − 7.5 | [− 22.9; 7.9] |
| Age groups (years)b | ||
| 18–29 | 2.9 | [− 9.2; 14.9] |
| 30–44 | 0 | ref |
| 45–59 | 1.7 | [− 7.6; 10.9] |
| 60–75 | 3.4 | [− 8.1; 14.8] |
| BMI categoriesc | ||
| Underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) | − 12.0 | [− 35.4; 11.3] |
| Normal (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25.0 kg/m2) | 0 | ref |
| Overweight (25.0 ≤ BMI < 30.0 kg/m2) | − 1.3 | [− 9.6; 7.0] |
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2) | − 2.0 | [− 13.6; 9.6] |
| Nationality | ||
| Swiss only | 0 | ref |
| Swiss binational | − 9.5 | [− 19.8; 0.8] |
| Non-Swiss | − 14.0 | [− 22.8; − 5.2] |
| Education degree, highest degree | ||
| Primary or no degree | − 0.5 | [− 17.8; 16.7] |
| Secondary | 0 | ref |
| Tertiary | 0.4 | [− 7.3; 8.1] |
| Household type | ||
| Living alone | 9.2 | [− 2.2; 20.6] |
| Adult living with parents | 11.7 | [− 5.0; 28.4] |
| Couple without children | 0 | ref |
| Couple with children | 6.7 | [− 2.7; 16.0] |
| One-parent family with children | − 1.0 | [− 19.4; 17.4] |
| Othersd | − 20.9 | [− 37.6; − 4.3] |
| Gross household income (CHF/month) | ||
| < 6000 | 2.9 | [− 8.5; 14.4] |
| 6000–13,000 | 0 | ref |
| > 13,000 | − 0.3 | [− 10.9; 10.3] |
| Physical activity level | ||
| Low | 0 | ref |
| Moderate | − 6.0 | [− 17.4; 5.4] |
| High | − 1.0 | [− 12.1; 10.1] |
| Smoking status | ||
| Never | 0 | ref |
| Former | − 11.9 | [− 19.9; − 3.9] |
| Current | − 17.2 | [− 26.5; − 7.9] |
| Self-reported health status | ||
| Very poor to medium | − 2.3 | [− 13.5; 8.9] |
| Good to very good | 0 | ref |
| Currently on a diet | ||
| Yes | 7.3 | [− 8.0; 22.5] |
| No | 0 | ref |
Results of the multivariable linear regression, adjusted for all variables shown and weighted for sex, age, marital status, major area of Switzerland, household size, nationality, seasons and weekdays. Coefficients in bold are associated with a p value < 0.05. Missing values were replaced by multiple imputation by chained equations
24-HDR 24-h dietary recall, BMI body mass index, CHF Swiss Francs, CI confidence interval
aCantons of German-language -Aargau, Basel-Land, Basel-Stadt, Bern, Lucerne, St. Gallen, and Zurich; French language—Geneva, Jura, Neuchatel, and Vaud; and Italian-language Ticino
bSelf-reported age on day of completion of the questionnaire
cBMI by measured height and weight, or self-reported when measurements were not possible or pre-pregnancy weight (lactating and pregnant women)
dOthers represents study participants living without a partner and parents (e.g. in a shared flat). Imputed values for variables with < 0.2% missing values are not shown