Table 2.

Overview of observation protocol and questionnaire components, including observation levels and questionnaire mean scores

	Observation level (Frequency)	Mean score (Out of 5)
interpersonal relations
Positive interactions (+)	High	4.2
Reference to advisors’ expertise (+)	Low/Moderate	4.1
Linguistic barriers to advisor participation (−)	High	3.4
Advisors showing a lack of interest or being disengaged (−)	Moderate	1.3
nature of advisor contributions
Invitations to speak (+)	High	4.8
Taking the initiative to speak (+)	Moderate/High	2.3
Passively agreeing with researchers (−)	Low	1.7
Offering insights appearing irrelevant to discussions (−)	Low	2.8
how advisors guided research development
Challenging and suggesting alternatives to researchers (+)	Moderate	2.9
Incorporation of advisors’ ideas in research planning (+)	Low	3.9
Ideas being ignored/treated with disregard (−)	Low	1.1
Decisions made without the input of advisors (−)	Low	1.9