Table 1:
Summary of demographics, functioning, and clinical data across all groups.
| HC (N = 63) | PSD (N = 150) | SP (N = 97) | SA (N = 12) | BP-I (N = 41) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p value | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p value | |
| Demographics | |||||||
| Sex (Females/Males) | 22/41 | 59/91 | p = 0.545 | 37/60 | 4/8 | 18/23 | p = 0.742 |
| Age (years) | 33.30 (8.27) | 32.01 (9.42) | p = 0.344 | 31.79 (8.95) | 30.83 (9.52) | 32.85 (10.58) | p = 0.755 |
| Education (years) | 14.97 (2.19) | 13.27 (2.34) | p < 0.001 | 13.03 (2.52) | 13.25 (2.05) | 13.83 (1.87) | p = 0.187 |
| FTND | 0.49 (1.40) | 1.52 (2.41) | p < 0.001 | 1.76 (2.52) | 1.25 (2.09) | 1.02 (2.17) | p = 0.239 |
| Cognition | |||||||
| WTAR | 56.11 (6.79) | 51.21 (10.55) | p < 0.001 | 49.10 (11.14) | 54.83 (8.08) | 55.14 (8.29) | p = 0.004 |
| MCCB overall | 48.10 (9.67) | 35.37 (11.78) | p < 0.001 | 32.84 (11.07) | 38.08 (10.78) | 40.59 (12.06) | p = 0.001 |
| Functioning | |||||||
| UPSA-B total | 77.39 (11.89) | 69.10 (15.36) | p < 0.001 | 66.25 (15.58) | 72.89 (14.49) | 74.72 (13.50) | p = 0.008 |
| S-QoL 18 | 66.75 (9.59) | 55.42 (15.22) | p < 0.001 | 55.14 (15.18) | 55.73 (14.40) | 56.01 (15.87) | p = 0.952 |
| SLOF-I total | 89.62 (18.02) N=114 | 87.59 (18.71) N=73 | 75.29 (21.70) N=7 | 96.94 (12.45) N=34 | p = 0.003 | ||
| Clinical Measures | |||||||
| Age of onset (years) | 20.26 (5.74) | 21.03 (5.72) | 19.75 (5.51) | 18.59 (5.59) | p = 0.068 | ||
| Illness duration (years) | 11.75 (9.26) | 10.76 (8.65) | 11.08 (8.17) | 14.27 (10.59) | p = 0.122 | ||
| PANSS positive | 13.54 (5.21) | 14.32 (5.18) | 15.42 (5.73) | 11.15 (4.39) | p = 0.002 | ||
| PANSS negative | 13.48 (5.01) | 14.60 (5.24) | 11.50 (4.10) | 11.41 (3.80) | p = 0.001 | ||
| PANSS total | 52.87 (14.65) | 55.95 (15.30) | 52.83 (13.76) | 45.59 (10.40) | p = 0.001 | ||
| CGI | 3.44 (0.90) | 3.62 (0.90) | 3.42 (0.52) | 3.02 (0.88) | p = 0.002 | ||
| MADRS | 7.89 (7.02) | 8.63 (7.06) | 8.92 (9.06) | 5.83 (5.93) | p = 0.087 | ||
| YMRS | 3.75 (5.70) | 3.11 (4.95) | 5.33 (4.68) | 4.78 (7.29) | p = 0.176 | ||
| SBS | 5.85 (2.73) | 7.43 (1.46) | 5.58 (1.00) | 2.20 (1.63) | p < 0.001 | ||
| Olanzapine equivalent | 11.87 (10.82) | 13.90 (10.27) | 14.43 (17.99) | 6.30 (7.10) | p < 0.001 | ||
| Extrapyramidal Symptoms | N=149 | N=96 | N=12 | N=41 | |||
| AIMS | 0.51 (1.10) | 0.45 (0.93) | 1.00 (1.60) | 0.51 (1.29) | p = 0.263 | ||
| BAS | 0.42 (1.08) | 0.37 (0.89) | 1.08 (1.83) | 0.34 (1.18) | p = 0.085 | ||
| SAS | 0.93 (1.82) | 0.95 (1.87) | 1.25 (1.71) | 0.80 (1.76) | p = 0.753 | ||
Notes: HC = Healthy controls; PSD = Psychotic Spectrum Disorders; SP = Patients with schizophrenia; SA = Patients with schizoaffective disorder; BP-I = Patients with bipolar disorder, Type I; FTND = Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence; MCCB = Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Consensus Cognitive Battery; WTAR = Wechsler Test of Adult Reading; UPSA-B = UCSD Performance Based Skills Assessment Brief Version; S-QoL 18 = Quality of Life Questionnaire in Schizophrenia 18; SLOF-I = Specific Levels of Functioning Informant Scale; PANSS = Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; CGI = Clinical Global Impressions Scale; MADRS = Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale; SBS = Schizo-Bipolar Scale; AIMS = Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (average total for the first 7 variables); BAS = Barnes Akathisia Scale; SAS = Simpson Angus Scale.