3A-B. Gene expression levels of Shmt1, Shmt2, Mthfr, Mthfd1, Mthfd2, and Dhfr were measured by real-time PCR in male (A) and female (B) offspring livers. 3C. Betaine, choline and dimethylglycine (DMG) concentrations were detected via HPLC analysis. 3D. The expression levels of genes encoding methyltransferases for betaine metabolites and methyl group delivery were measured by real-time PCR in male offspring livers. 3E. Methionine and SAH contents were detected via high-resolution UPLC-MS/MS. 3F. Gene expression levels of Mtr were measured by real-time PCR in male and female offspring livers. Data are mean ± SE, n=5. * indicates P<0.05 vs. NF group. # indicates P<0.05 vs. the REF group.