(A) IHC of patient tumors from each histological subtype with markers of each (10X) and ISH of miR-31 (100X), depicting overexpression of miR-31 in LUAD, SQCC, ADSQ, and LCNEC but not in SCLC. TTF-1 is a marker of LUAD, p63 of SQCC, and synaptophysin (SYN) of neuroendocrine carcinomas. (B-C) miR-31 levels determined with Taqman qRT-PCR. Expression normalized to endogenous control RNU6B. (B) Archived patient tissue from 2016-2019 of normal, LUAD, SQCC, ADSQ, LCNEC, SCLC, and atypical carcinoid (AC) lung tumors. (C) Cell lines. Mean miR-31 expression (Error bars ± SEM: *p<0.05, student’s t-test). Number (n) samples indicated.