Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants in the Malmö Offspring Study comparing low- and non-consumers with high consumers
| Added sugar | P | PC added × U-sugars | P | SSBs | P | ASBs | P | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 1371 | n = 577 | n = 1086 | n = 1085 | |||||||||
| < 10%E | > 20E% | T1 | T3 | Non | High | Non | High | |||||
| n | 458 | 136 | 193 | 192 | 314 | 347 | 669 | 147 | ||||
| Mean (SD) | ||||||||||||
| Age, years | 43.3 (13.5) | 35.4 (12.7) | < 0.001 | 43.9 (12.4) | 38.6 (12.8) | < 0.001 | 48.2 (12.1) | 36.1 (12.8) | < 0.001 | 43.7 (13.7) | 37.8 (12.3) | < 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.7 (4.1) | 25.7 (5.6) | 0.898 | 25.5 (4.0) | 25.9 (5.2) | 0.397 | 25.8 (4.6) | 25.5 (4.8) | 0.473 | 25.2 (4.2) | 27.1 (5.2) | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 88.9 (12.3) | 88.5 (14.9) | 0.761 | 88.6 (12.3) | 89.2 (13.9) | 0.692 | 88.4 (13.6) | 88.7 (13.1) | 0.791 | 87.7 (12.3) | 91.9 (14.5) | < 0.001 |
| PAL | 1.7 (0.13) | 1.7 (0.12) | 0.416 | 1.7 (0.14) | 1.7 (0.14) | 0.780 | 1.7 (0.13) | 1.7 (0.14) | 0.329 | 1.7 (0.13) | 1.7 (0.15) | 0.659 |
| Energy, kcal/day | 1858 (570) | 2203 (688) | < 0.001 | 1910 (541) | 2198 (664) | < 0.001 | 1770 (519) | 2294 (689) | < 0.001 | 1995 (614) | 2083 (703) | 0.129 |
| Carbohydrate, E% | 41.0 (8.1) | 52.4 (4.8) | < 0.001 | 41.2 (8.1) | 49.6 (5.7) | < 0.001 | 43.3 (8.6) | 47.5 (6.0) | < 0.001 | 45.0 (7.0) | 44.6 (7.9) | 0.474 |
| Fat, E% | 39.7 (7.6) | 32.8 (4.7) | < 0.001 | 39.4 (7.6) | 34.8 (5.3) | < 0.001 | 37.9 (7.9) | 36.5 (5.5) | 0.005 | 37.5 (6.3) | 38.3 (7.4) | 0.170 |
| Protein, E% | 19.3 (4.1) | 14.8 (3.0) | < 0.001 | 19.5 (4.3) | 15.6 (2.9) | < 0.001 | 18.8 (4.3) | 16.1 (3.1) | < 0.001 | 17.4 (3.7) | 17.1 (3.3) | 0.294 |
| Fiber intake, g/1000 kcal | 10.6 (3.4) | 7.4 (0.79) | < 0.001 | 10.7 (3.5) | 8.6 (2.8) | < 0.001 | 11.1 (3.4) | 8.3 (2.6) | < 0.001 | 10.1 (3.2) | 8.7 (2.9) | < 0.001 |
| Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio* | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.28 (0.10) | 0.079 | 0.14 (0.07) | 0.41 (0.09) | 0.017 | 0.02 (0.06) | 0.34 (0.06) | < 0.001 | 0.15 (0.04) | 0.30 (0.10) | 0.142 |
| Shannon index | 2.2 (0.36) | 2.2 (0.36) | 0.314 | 2.2 (0.35) | 2.3 (0.32) | 0.033 | 2.2 (0.33) | 2.3 (0.35) | 0.223 | 2.2 (0.34) | 2.2 (0.36) | 0.876 |
| % | ||||||||||||
| Women | 52.2 | 56.6 | 0.363 | 52.3 | 61.5 | 0.071 | 71.7 | 44.1 | < 0.001 | 56.2 | 57.1 | 0.835 |
| University degree | 45.2 | 35.1 | 0.041 | 48.7 | 38.4 | 0.043 | 47.4 | 33.1 | < 0.001 | 41.6 | 44.8 | 0.484 |
| Current smokers | 12.2 | 14.7 | 0.447 | 8.3 | 10.9 | 0.378 | 9.6 | 14.7 | 0.044 | 10.6 | 15.7 | 0.083 |
| Alcohol > 30 g/d | 14.8 | 13.8 | 0.761 | 16.6 | 14.1 | 0.493 | 13.2 | 17.7 | 0.101 | 14.5 | 17.0 | 0.428 |
| Antibiotics past 6 mo | 14.7 | 9.7 | 0.176 | 11.7 | 12.9 | 0.747 | 10.7 | 13.1 | 0.371 | 12.1 | 13.6 | 0.628 |
| Probiotics > 3 times/wk | 6.2 | 5.9 | 0.921 | 10.2 | 8.9 | 0.709 | 10.2 | 11.0 | 0.757 | 9.5 | 11.9 | 0.387 |
P values are determined using t test for continuous variables and Chi-square tests to categorical variables. PC added × U-sugars is divided into equal tertiles. SSBs and ASBs are combinations of 4DFR and FFQ and are divided into three groups according to Fig. 1. *The Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio is log transformed