Fig. 2.

Effects of tested urolithins and respective glucuronides at the concentration of 40 μM on LPS induced TNF-α and TGF-β1 mRNA expression in THP-1 macrophages. PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells were preincubated for 1 h with iso-urolithin A, urolithin A and B (iUA, UA, UB) and their respective glucuronides (GiUA, GUA, GUB) at the concentration of 40 μM and stimulated with LPS (10 ng/mL) for 24 h. Real-time RT-PCR analysis was performed as described in Sect. “Materials and methods”. Changes in mRNA expression were normalized to β-actin. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001 decrease versus stimulated control (Dunnettʼs post hoc test); ^#p < 0.05, ^#p < 0.001—statistically significant increase versus stimulated control; LPS—stimulated control; NST—non-stimulated control. Parth-parthenolide at the concentration of 5 μM (positive control). Data are expressed as mean ± SD of three separate experiments performed in duplicate. Mean ± SD and p values are provided in Supplementary material Table S4