Table 1.
Characteristics of prospective, observational birth cohort studies, including longitudinal studies (N = 20).
| Author / Date | Study Title | Study Population | Recruitment Setting/Methods | Recruitment Stage | Eligible (N) | Enrollment Rate N (%) | Retention Rate N (%) | Study Duration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chasan-Taber/2009 | Proyecto Buena Salud | Pregnant women of Caribbean Islander descent ages 16–40 | Obstetric practices during prenatal care visits | ≤20 weeks’ gestation | NA | 1,626 | 1,308 (80%) | 6 yrs |
| Dighe/2013 | Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study in US | Healthy pregnant women age <35 years and BMI <30 | Hospitals and medical centers | <14 weeks’ gestation | 13,108 | 4,607 (35%) | 3,976 (92%) | 5 yrs |
| Giuliani/2013 | Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study in Italy | Healthy pregnant women age <35 years and BMI <30 | Hospitals in eight recruitment settings that provide prenatal care services in Italy | <14 weeks’ gestation | 13,108 | 4,607 (35%) | 3,976 (92%) | 5 yrs |
| Jaffer/2013 | Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study in Oman | Healthy pregnant women age <35 years and BMI <30 | Hospitals in eight recruitment settings in Oman | <14 weeks’ gestation | 13,108 | 4,607 (35%) | 3,976 (92%) | 5 yrs |
| Leung/2013 | Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition Study (APrON) and All Our Babies (AOB) | APrON: Pregnant women age >16 years AOB: Pregnant, maternal age >18 years | APrON: community-based & face-to-face recruitment in maternity clinics; AOB: primary health care offices, & public health laboratory (Alberta, Canada) | APrON: <27 weeks’ pregnant AOB: <24 weeks’ pregnant | APrON: NA AOB: 4,011 | APrON: NA AOB: 3,300 (82%) | APrON: NA AOB: 2,969 (90%) | APrON: Ongoing AOB: 3 yrs |
| Manca/2013 | Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) Study | Pregnant women age >16 years | High-volume maternity care, ultrasound clinics, and community-based outreach in Alberta, Canada | <27 weeks’ gestation | NA | NA | NA | Ongoing |
| Morton/2014 | Growing Up in New Zealand | Pregnant women from a defined geographic location in New Zealand | Direct engagement with prospective participants and community and indirect engagement via media in New Zealand | Unspecified gestational age | 10,315 | 6,822 (66%) | In progress | 21 yrs |
| Neelotpol/2016 | Mother and Baby’s Exposure to Lead Study | Pregnant women of South Asian or Caucasian origin | Government hospital and antenatal clinic in North England | Unspecified gestational age | 244 | 197 (81%) | 184 (93%) | 5 mos |
| Oken/2015 | Project Viva | Pregnant women | Prenatal care practices | <22 weeks’ gestation | 4,102 | 2,670 (64%) | 1,279 (48%) | 16 yrs |
| Promislow/2004 | Right From The Start Study | Women age 18–45 years trying to conceive for ≤6 mos and pregnant women | Private and prenatal care clinics, public clinics, community outreach | <12 weeks’ gestation | 963 | 803 (83%) | 781 (97%) | 1yr 9 mos |
| Qiu/2017 | Born in Guangzhou Cohort Study | Chinese pregnant women living in Guangzhou | Two birth centers in Guangzhou, China | <20 weeks’ gestation | 22,569 | 17,214 (76.3%) | 16,197 (94%) | 18 yrs |
| Raynor/2008 | Born in Bradford Cohort Study Fetal Growth | Low-income, multi-ethnic pregnant women | Bradford Royal Infirmary in UK | Between 26–28 weeks’ gestation | >80% | 12,452 (43%) | Ongoing through 2021 | 5 yrs |
| Roseman/2013 | Longitudinal Study in UK | Healthy pregnant women age <35 years and BMI <30 | University hospital in the United Kingdom | Between 5–12 weeks’ gestation | 13,108 | 4,607 (35%) | 3,976 (92%) | 5 yrs |
| Saiepour/2019 | Mater–University of Queensland Study | Pregnant women age 13–46 years | Hospital in Brisbane, Australia | Between 5–39 weeks’ gestation | 7,816 | 6,753 (87%) | 3,558 (53%) | 27 yrs |
| Savitz/1999 | Pregnancy, Infants, and Nutrition Study | Higher risk pregnant women age >16 years | Prenatal clinics at a teaching hospital and county health department | Between 24–29 weeks’ gestation | 1,843 | 1,051 (57%) | 956 (90%) | 2 yrs 4 mos |
| Silveira/2013 | Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study in Brazil | Healthy pregnant women age <35 years and BMI <30 | Obstetric hospitals in Pelotas, Brazil | <14 weeks’ gestation | 13,108 | 4,607 (35%) | 3,976 (92%) | 5 yrs |
| Thompson/2019 | Pregnancy and Influenza Project | Pregnant women following medical encounters for acute respiratory illness | Women were invited to join the study by telephone | Unspecified gestational age | 6,717 | 1,374 (20.4%) | 1,264 (92%) | 1 yr |
| Vuillermin/2015 | Barwon Infant Study | Pregnant women residing in the Barwon region of Australia | Public and private hospital in Australia | <28 weeks’ gestation | 1,158 | 1,074 (92.7%) | 894 (83%) | 4 yrs |
| Webster/2012 | Chemicals, Health and Pregnancy Study | Pregnant women with low-risk pregnancies | Community outreach in Vancouver, Canada | <15 weeks’ gestation | 349 | 171 (49.5%) | 152 (89%) | 1 yr 5 mos |
| White/2017 | Raine Study | Pregnant women | Tertiary obstetric hospital and private clinics in Western Australia | 16–20 weeks’ gestation | 3,535 | 2,900 (82%) | 636 (23%) | 26 yrs |
Note. Studies took place in the United States unless otherwise noted. Studies with a duration of ≥16 years were considered longitudinal. Abbreviations. NA = not applicable or unspecified; mos = months; yrs = years