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. 2021 May 20;12:2739. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22977-5

Fig. 7. Epidermal chloroplast-localized immune components are critical for preinvasive NHR against Colletotrichum fungi.

Fig. 7

a Fungal entry rate into Arabidopsis epidermis. Cfio, Csia, and Corb were inoculated onto cotyledons of the indicated Arabidopsis. b Induced gene expression of PAD3, CYP79B2, PDF1.2a, PR1, FRK1, and NHL10 by inoculation of Cfio. Cfio was inoculated onto cotyledons of the indicated Arabidopsis, and gene expression was assayed at 24 hpi by RT-qPCR. DW was used as a control. c, d Invasions of Corb and Csia (low-invasive strain) into Arabidopsis epidermis at 4 dpi. Corb and Csia (low-invasive strain) were inoculated onto cotyledons of the indicated Arabidopsis with multiple mutations. The arrowheads and arrows indicate melanized appressoria and invasive hyphae, respectively. Scale bar, 10 µm. For quantification of fungal entry of Cfio, Csia, and Corb, 100 melanized appressoria were investigated at 4 dpi. For quantification of fungal entry of Csia (low-invasive strain), 300 melanized appressoria were investigated at 4 dpi. For all quantification analyses except RT-qPCR, the means and SE were calculated from three independent plants. The means and SE of RT-qPCR results were calculated from three independent experiments. Means not sharing the same letter are significantly different (P < 0.05, one-way (d) or two-way (a, b) ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD test).