Fig. 8. The ECR strongly occurs and contributes to NHR against specific nonadapted Colletotrichum fungus in wild-type Arabidopsis.

a Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum fungi on wild-type Arabidopsis (Col-0). A conidial suspension of adapted Chig and nonadapted Cnym and Cfio was inoculated onto cotyledons of Col-0 and incubated for 7 and 9 days. b, c Cnym invasion into epidermis of Col-0 at 4 dpi. The arrowhead and arrow indicate melanized appressorium and invasive hypha, respectively. Scale bar, 10 µm. For quantification of fungal entry of Cnym, 300 melanized appressoria were investigated at 4 dpi. d Quantification of ECR in Col-0, CHUP1ox, chup1, pen2-1, and phot2 plants after inoculation of Cnym at 1, 2, and 3 dpi. A total of 100 cells in contact with the melanized appressorium were observed. For all quantification analyses, the means and SE were calculated from three independent plants. Means not sharing the same letter are significantly different (P < 0.05, two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD test). The asterisks indicate significant difference (*P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s test).