Table 3.

Typical NPs platforms used in drug delivery

Agent of NPs	Vehicle	Size (nm)	Characters	Effects	Ref
DNA and RNA	Exosomes	30–100	Small size, cellular origin, flexibility to incorporate macromolecules	Carrier for DNA, RNA and micro-RNA Cross-stringent biological barriers, such as the blood–brain barrier	[52]
DOX	Polymer-lipid encapsulated manganese dioxide	170	Bioreactive and multifunctional	Downregulate TME-associated drug resistance and immunosuppression Enhancing chemotherapeutic efficacy and boosting antitumor immunity	[53]
5-FU	Au-NPs/chitosan	100–400	Natural cationic, biodegradable and biocompatible	Enhance the curative effect for hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2)	[54]
Tyrosinase-related protein 2 (Trp2) peptide	Layered double hydroxide (LDH) NPs	140–150	Provoking strong cell-mediated immune responses	Adjuvant multiple tumor-associated antigen peptides	[55]
Cisplatin; ICG	PLGA	90–100	Folate targeting Controlled drug release	Promoting the apoptosis of McF-7 tumor cells NIR sensitivity	[56]
IL-2	PEGylated liposomes with anti-CD137	80	Complete absence of systemic toxicity	Inducing intratumoural immune responses Initial anti-tumor activity	[57]
FA	Magnetic mesoporous silica	213	PH-sensitive drug release	Inhibiting proliferation of HeLa cell lines higher cytotoxicity effect	[58]
PTX	Peptide H7K(R2)2-modifiediron oxide NPs	168.3 ± 2.80	few side-effects	Excellent MRI imaging Inhibiting tumor growth	[59]
siRNA	RGDfC-SeNPs	150	No toxicity Multiple tumor targeting	Carrier for siRNA Inhibiting tumor cells proliferate Promoting the generation of ROS	[60]

DOX doxorubicin, 5-FU 5-fluorouracil, FA folic acid, PTX paclitaxel, ROS reactive oxygen species