Table 5.

The inclusion and exclusion criteria for patients and the public survey.

Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Patients with acute first presentation of heart failure or acute decompensation of chronic heart failure	Patients with severe mental disease, cancer, and other life-threatening diseases
Patients who are 18–80 years old	Participants who cannot communicate with others
Patient caregivers should have the experience of caring for patients with AHF, including care workers and family members	Participants who cannot read and write
Journal editors should have at least 3 years' work experience
Participants who signed the informed consent forms