Table 2.
Association of frailty transitions and cognitive function.
| Variables | Cognitive function (K-MMSE) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | |||||
| ß | SE | P-value | ß | SE | P-value | |
| Frailty transitions | ||||||
| Non-frail → non-frail | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Frail → non-frail | − 0.628 | 0.254 | 0.013 | − 0.276 | 0.217 | 0.203 |
| Non-frail → frail | − 1.635 | 0.222 | < 0.0001 | − 1.799 | 0.215 | < 0.0001 |
| Frail → frail | − 1.879 | 0.252 | < 0.0001 | − 1.651 | 0.216 | < 0.0001 |
| Age | ||||||
| 65–74 | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| 75–84 | − 0.298 | 0.103 | 0.004 | − 0.545 | 0.110 | < 0.0001 |
| 85 ≤ | − 0.789 | 0.230 | 0.001 | − 1.449 | 0.243 | < 0.0001 |
| Education level | ||||||
| Lower than middle school | − 0.769 | 0.152 | < 0.0001 | − 1.121 | 0.192 | < 0.0001 |
| Middle school graduate | − 0.480 | 0.164 | 0.003 | − 0.569 | 0.229 | 0.013 |
| High School graduate | − 0.351 | 0.141 | 0.013 | − 0.782 | 0.250 | 0.002 |
| University graduate | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Income level | ||||||
| Low | 0.253 | 0.189 | 0.181 | − 0.173 | 0.193 | 0.370 |
| Middle low | 0.350 | 0.190 | 0.066 | 0.081 | 0.200 | 0.688 |
| Middle high | 0.389 | 0.201 | 0.053 | − 0.009 | 0.221 | 0.966 |
| High | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Unmarried | − 0.126 | 0.174 | 0.470 | − 0.161 | 0.110 | 0.145 |
| Economic activity | ||||||
| Active | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Inactive | − 0.564 | 0.114 | < 0.0001 | − 0.306 | 0.149 | 0.040 |
| Region | ||||||
| Urban | 0.237 | 0.122 | 0.052 | 0.431 | 0.124 | 0.001 |
| Rural | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Smoking | ||||||
| Current | 0.060 | 0.144 | 0.676 | − 0.456 | 0.477 | 0.339 |
| Past | − 0.063 | 0.119 | 0.596 | 0.058 | 0.268 | 0.828 |
| Never | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Drinking | ||||||
| Current | 0.015 | 0.129 | 0.905 | 0.178 | 0.156 | 0.253 |
| Past | − 0.160 | 0.150 | 0.287 | − 0.415 | 0.228 | 0.069 |
| Never | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| BMI | ||||||
| Overweight | − 0.086 | 0.133 | 0.516 | 0.406 | 0.124 | 0.001 |
| Normal | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Underweight | 0.252 | 0.222 | 0.256 | − 0.194 | 0.251 | 0.441 |
| Regular physical activity | ||||||
| Yes | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| No | − 0.459 | 0.107 | < 0.0001 | − 0.474 | 0.124 | 0.000 |
| ADL limitations | ||||||
| Yes | − 3.896 | 0.708 | < 0.0001 | 0.167 | 0.481 | 0.729 |
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| IADL limitations | ||||||
| Yes | − 0.670 | 0.195 | 0.001 | − 1.617 | 0.249 | < 0.0001 |
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Number of chronic diseases | ||||||
| 0 | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| 1 | 0.256 | 0.110 | 0.019 | − 0.208 | 0.128 | 0.104 |
| ≥ 2 | − 0.005 | 0.133 | 0.969 | − 0.385 | 0.151 | 0.011 |
| Lagged dependent variable | ||||||
| MMSE score of prior year | 0.600 | 0.018 | < 0.0001 | 0.665 | 0.014 | < 0.0001 |
K-MMSE Korean-Mini Mental Status Evaluation, β regression coefficient, SE standard error.