Table 1.
Study Characteristics
| Study | Number of Participants | Country | Study Location | Study Design | Learner Population | Tool Used |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acai 2019 34 | 16 | Canada | Clinical | Qualitative | PGY 1–5 | McMAP |
| Ander 2012 14 | 289 | USA | Clinical | Prospective | MS 4 | RIME and Global Rating Scale |
| Bedy 2019 15 | 120 | USA | Clinical | Descriptive | PGY 1–3 | Milestones |
| Bord 2015 16 | 80 | USA | Simulation | Prospective | MS 2–4 | OSCE, Milestones |
| Brazil 2012 47 | 20 | Australia | Clinical | Prospective | PGY 1 | Mini‐CEX |
| Bullard 2018 17 | 30 | USA | Simulation | Prospective | PGY 1 | OSCE |
| Chan 2015 36 | 15 | Canada | Clinical | Descriptive | PGY 1, 2 | McMAP |
| Chan 2017 35 | 23 | Canada | Clinical | Retrospective | PGY 2 | McMAP |
| Chang 2017 50 | 273 | Taiwan | Clinical | Retrospective | PGY 1 | Mini‐CEX |
| Cheung 2019 37 | 45 | Canada | Clinical | Prospective | PGY 1–5 | O‐EDShOT |
| Dagnone 2016 38 | 98 | Canada | Simulation | Prospective | PGY 1–5 | QSAT |
| Dayal 2017 18 | 359 | USA | Clinical | Retrospective | PGY 1–3 | Milestones |
| Dehon 2015 19 | 33 | USA | Clinical | Retrospective | PGY 1–4 | Milestones |
| Donato 2015 20 | 73 | USA | Clinical | Retrospective | PGY 1–3 | Minicard |
| Edgerley 2018 39 | 57 | Canada | Simulation | Retrospective | PGY 1–5 | QSAT |
| FitzGerald 2012 21 | 34 | USA | Clinical | Qualitative | PGY 1 | Checklists |
| Hall 2015 40 | 92 | Canada | Simulation | Prospective | PGY 1–5 | QSAT |
| Hall 2017 41 | 79 | Canada | Simulation | Prospective | PGY 1–5 | QSAT |
| Hart 2018 22 | 118 | USA | Simulation | Prospective | PGY 1–3 | Checklist, Global Rating Scale, Milestones |
| Hauff 2014 23 | 28 | USA | Clinical and Simulation | Prospective | PGY 1 | OSCE, Checklist, Global Rating Scale, Milestones |
| Hoonpongsimanont 2018 24 | 45 | USA | Clinical | Prospective | MS 4 | Local EOS evaluation |
| Hurley 2015 42 | 57 | Canada | Simulation | Prospective | PGY 3–5 and attending physicians | OSCE |
| Jones 2016 48 | 24 | Australia | Clinical | Prospective | PGY 1–4 | Local EOS evaluation |
| Jong 2018 25 | 34 | USA | Simulation | Prospective | PGY 2–4 | QSAT |
| Kane 2017 26 | 26 | USA | Clinical | Prospective | PGY 3–4 | SDOT |
| Lee 2019 49 | 73 | Australia, NZ | Clinical | Qualitative | ND | Mini‐CEX |
| Lefebvre 2018 27 | 41 | USA | Clinical | Prospective | PGY 1–3 | Milestones |
| Li 2017 43 | 26 | Canada | Clinical | Qualitative | PGY 1–5 | McMAP |
| Lin 2012 51 | 230 | Taiwan | Clinical | Prospective | PGY 1 | Mini‐CEX |
| McConnell 2016 44 | 9 | Canada | Clinical | Retrospective | PGY 2 | McMAP |
| Min 2016 28 | 10 | USA | Clinical | Prospective | PGY 1–5 | Global Breaking Bad News Assessment Scale |
| Mueller 2017 29 | 71 | USA | Clinical | Qualitative | PGY 3–4 | Milestones |
| Paul 2018 30 | 39 | USA | Clinical | Prospective | PGY 1 | OSCE, Checklist |
| Schott 2015 31 | 29 | USA | Clinical | Prospective | PGY 1–4 | CDOT, Milestones |
| Sebok‐Syer 2017 45 | 23 | Canada | Clinical | Retrospective | PGY 1–2 | McMAP |
| Siegelman 2018 32 | 102 | USA | Simulation | Retrospective | PGY 1–3 | OSCE |
| Wallenstein 2015 33 | 239 | USA | Simulation | Prospective | MS 4 | OSCE |
| Weersink 2019 46 | 17 | Canada | Simulation | Prospective | PGY 1–5 | RAT |
CDOT = Critical Care Direct Observation Tool; EOS = end‐of‐shift; ITER = McMAP = McMaster Modular Assessment Program; Mini‐CEX = Mini‐Clinical Evaluation Exercise for Trainees; MS = medical student; ND = not described; NZ = New Zealand; O‐EDShOT = Ottawa ED Shift Observation Tool; PGY = Post‐graduate year; RAT = Resuscitation Assessment Tool; RIME = Reporter, Interpreter, Manager, Educator; SDOT = Standardized Direct Observation Tool.