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. 2021 May 7;12:684680. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.684680

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Copyright © 2021 Maugeri, Bucolo, Drago, Rossi, Di Rosa, Imbesi, D’Agata and Giunta.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of DMF on VEGF levels. ARPE-19 cells exposed to normal glucose (NG) or high glucose (HG) w/or w/o DMF (10 μM) for 24 h. (A) VEGF production was measured through ELISA. *p < 0.05 vs. Vehicle/NG; †p < 0.05 vs. Vehicle/HG; n = 6. (B) Representative photomicrographs showing VEGF expression (red). Photomicrographs are representative results of fields taken randomly from each slide and observed by Axiovert 40 epifluorescence microscope (magnification ×40). (C) Semi-quantitative RT-PCR shows VEGF mRNA expression normalized to the ribosomal protein S18 (RPS18, housekeeping gene). **p < 0.01 vs. NG untreated cells, †p < 0.05 vs. untreated/HG; n = 6.