Table 2.
D-dimer associated clinical variables (58 of 106 in total with a sample size ≥ 5, P < 0.05) identified by univariate-regression.
| Characteristics | Univariate coeff | Obs | AR2 | P value | Manifestations | Normal range† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 0.043 (0.022, 0.063) | 80 | 24.06 | < 0.001§ | <50 | NA |
| Male (%) | 0.047 (0.024, 0.071) | 78 | 22.79 | < 0.001* | NA | NA |
| Female (%) | -0.047 (-0.071, -0.024) | 78 | 22.79 | < 0.001* | NA | NA |
| Preexisting conditions | ||||||
| Comorbidity (%) | 0.020 (0.002, 0.038) | 45 | 14.57 | 0.030§ | NA | |
| Hypertension (%) | 0.027 (0.010, 0.043) | 60 | 28.01 | 0.002§ | Comorbidity | NA |
| Diabetes (%) | 0.042 (0.018, 0.066) | 61 | 36.42 | 0.001§ | Comorbidity | NA |
| Chronic lung diseases (%) | 0.104 (0.045, 0.163) | 62 | 20.92 | 0.001 | Comorbidity | NA |
| Onset to admission (day) | 0.179 (0.048, 0.310) | 31 | 31.89 | 0.009§ | Severity | NA |
| Inflammatory and tissue injury markers | ||||||
| Platelet (× 109/L) | 0.014 (0.004, 0.024) | 64 | 18.65 | 0.009* | Thrombocytopenia | 125 - 350 |
| WBC (× 109/L) | 0.518 (0.387, 0.649) | 71 | 65.26 | < 0.001 | Leukocytosis | 4 - 11 |
| Neutrophil (× 109/L) | 0.447 (0.307, 0.586) | 53 | 68.98 | < 0.001*§ | Neutrophilia | 1.5 - 8 |
| Lymphocyte (× 109/L) | -0.606 (-1.115, -0.096) | 70 | 7.70 | 0.020§ | Lymphopenia | 1.0 - 4.8 |
| CD4+ T cell (/µl) | -0.004 (-0.008, -0.001) | 21 | 29.00 | 0.018§ | Inflammation | 500 - 1,200 |
| CD8+ T cell (/µl) | -0.008 (-0.012, -0.005) | 21 | 75.33 | < 0.001§ | Inflammation | 200 - 800 |
| IL2R (U/mL) | 0.003 (0.000, 0.005) | 9 | 45.90 | 0.044 | Cytokine receptor | 100 - 500 |
| IL6 (pg/mL) | 0.011(0.001, 0.022) | 28 | -10.23 | 0.030 | Pro-cytokine | ≤ 1.8 |
| IL8 (pg/mL) | 0.122 (0.017, 0.227) | 9 | 45.39 | 0.029§ | Chemokine | < 57.8 |
| TNFαpg/mL | 0.543 (0.002, 1.085) | 9 | 9.65 | 0.049§ | Cytokine | ≤ 2.8 |
| Globulin (g/L) | 0.167 (0.044, 0.291) | 8 | 83.51 | 0.016*§ | Hypoproteinemia | 20 - 35 |
| Fibrinogen (g/L) | 1.077 (0.272, 1.882) | 27 | 45.94 | 0.011* | Hyperfibrinogenemia | 2 - 4 |
| Ferritin (µ;g/L) | 0.002 (0.001, 0.003) | 23 | 13.05 | 0.008*§ | Iron transport | 30 - 400 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 0.013 (0.006, 0.021) | 45 | 48.18 | 0.001*§ | Inflammation | < 8.0 |
| Albumin (g/L) | -0.158 (-0.249, -0.066) | 41 | 29.29 | 0.001§ | Hypoalbuminemia | 35 - 55 |
| PCT (ng/mL) | 1.137 (0.720, 1.554) | 53 | 50.76 | < 0.001*§ | Bacterial sepsis | < 0.5 |
| ESR (mm/h) | 0.009 (0.001, 0.017) | 17 | 42.93 | 0.032 | Inflammation | 1 - 20 |
| LDH (U/L) | 0.007 (0.005, 0.009) | 51 | 62.65 | < 0.001*§ | Tissue damage | 140 - 280 |
| Serum K+ (mmol/L) | 2.187 (1.064, 3.309) | 16 | 64.07 | 0.001*§ | Hyperkalemia | 3.6 - 5.2 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 0.978 (0.395, 1.562) | 14 | 61.42 | 0.003*§ | Hyperglycemia | 4.4 - 7.2 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | -0.157 (-0.246, -0.068) | 37 | 27.70 | 0.001§ | Anemia | 121 - 172 |
| Time for PCR-negative (day) | 0.035 (0.021, 0.049) | 8 | 100 | 0.001§ | RNAaemia | NA |
| Acute lung injury markers | ||||||
| Respiratory rate (/min) | 0.749 (0.269, 1.229) | 19 | -1.43 | 0.004*§ | Lung function | 12 - 20 |
| Dyspnea/tachypnea (%) | 0.019 (0.007, 0.030) | 45 | 23.35 | 0.002*§ | Lung injury | NA |
| SpO2 (%) | -0.183 (-0.303, -0.063) | 10 | 46.77 | 0.008*§ | Hypoxia | 95 - 100 |
| Ventilation (%) | 0.019 (0.010, 0.028) | 71 | 28.50 | < 0.001*§ | Lung injury | NA |
| CURB 65 (lung) | 1.945 (1.011, 2.879) | 8 | 87.65 | 0.002 | Lung injury | NA |
| Onset to dyspnea (day) | 0.090 (0.021, 0.158) | 11 | 69.35 | 0.016* | Lung injury | NA |
| Acute kidney injury markers | ||||||
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | -0.045 (-0.089, -0.001) | 9 | 37.84 | 0.047§ | Kidney injury | 90 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 0.651 (0.493, 0.810) | 31 | 87.22 | < 0.001*§ | Kidney injury | 3 - 7 |
| Acute liver injury biomarkers | ||||||
| Total bilirubin (µ;mol/L) | 0.245 (0.138, 0.353) | 36 | 50.40 | < 0.001*§ | Liver injury | 5.1 - 17 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 0.083 (0.042, 0.125) | 5 | 100.00 | 0.008* | Liver diseases | 20 - 140 |
| γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) (U/L) | 0.193 (0.063, 0.324) | 8 | 73.76 | 0.011 | Liver diseases | 9 - 48 |
| ALT (U/L) | 0.072 (0.048, 0.097) | 62 | 60.11 | < 0.001*§ | Liver injury | 19 - 33 |
| AST (U/L) | 0.052 (0.035, 0.070) | 53 | 56.96 | < 0.001*§ | Liver injury | 7 - 56 |
| Cardiac/skeletal muscle injury markers | ||||||
| Systolic pressure (mmHg) | 0.018 (0.007, 0.029) | 21 | 46.67 | 0.004*§ | Cardiovascular | 90 - 120 |
| Diastolic pressure (mmHg) | -0.155 (-0.271, -0.039) | 6 | 89.60 | 0.021 | Cardiovascular | 60 - 80 |
| Myoglobin (ng/mL) | 0.012 (0.004, 0.019) | 11 | 83.51 | 0.006§ | Rhabdomyolysis | 0 - 85 |
| CK (U/L) | 0.006 (0.003, 0.009) | 51 | 47.26 | < 0.001*§ | Muscle injury | 22 - 198 |
| CK-MB (U/L) | -0.032 (-0.057, -0.007) | 24 | 45.47 | 0.014§ | Myocardial infarction | 5 - 25 |
| Complications | ||||||
| ARDS (%) | 0.033 (0.023, 0.043) | 48 | 56.63 | < 0.001*§ | Lung injury | NA |
| Secondary infection (%) | 0.018 (0.012, 0.025) | 17 | 85.62 | < 0.001§ | Systemic | NA |
| Sepsis (%) | 0.029 (0.015, 0.043) | 34 | 36.52 | < 0.001*§ | Systemic | NA |
| Acute cardiac injury (%) | 0.048 (0.032, 0.065) | 42 | 49.65 | < 0.001*§ | Heart injury | NA |
| Thrombosis | 0.041 (0.011, 0.071) | 17 | 38.05 | 0.011 | Systemic | NA |
| Acute kidney injury (%) | 0.029 (0.007, 0.052) | 28 | -1.61 | 0.014§ | Kidney injury | NA |
| DIC (%) | 0.042 (0.001, 0.083) | 6 | 95.63 | 0.048 | Systemic | NA |
| Acute liver injury (%) | 0.055 (0.012, 0.098) | 19 | 38.29 | 0.015§ | Liver injury | NA |
| Prognosis | ||||||
| Mortality (%) | 0.031 (0.022, 0.040) | 72 | 52.65 | < 0.001*§ | Death | NA |
| Discharged (%) | -0.007 (-0.012, -0.002) | 45 | 11.96 | 0.010§ | Survival | NA |
CI, confidence interval; Obs, the number of groups from the included studies; WBC, white blood cells; CK, creatine kinase; CK-MB, creatine kinase myocardial band; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BUN, blood urine nitrogen; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PCT, Procalcitonin; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; IL2R, interleukin 2 receptor; TNFα, tissue necrosis factor α; CURB 65, CURB-65 Severity Score; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; TE, thromboembolism; DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation. † include the range of both male and female. P < 0.05 after removing the confounding variable age (*) or male (§) using bivariate regression.