TABLE 1.
Clinical characteristics of the patients.
|
AF group, |
SR group, |
Significance |
Mean difference and |
|
| n = 169 | n = 190 | (2-sided) | [95% CI of the difference] | |
| Characteristics | ||||
| Age, years | 72.2 ± 14.3 | 57.9 ± 18.8 | <0.001 | 14.29 [10.85 to 17.73]* |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.0 ± 3.9 | 25.8 ± 3.7 | 0.635 | 0.19 [−0.60 to 0.99]* |
| Sex, male | 87 (51.5) | 97 (51.1) | 0.936 | 0.43 [−9.83 to 10.67] |
| PPG | ||||
| Mean heart rate, min–1 | 84.4 ± 15.0 | 69.8 ± 13.6 | <0.001 | 14.59 [11.62 to 17.56]* |
| Medical history | ||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 128 (75.7) | 44 (23.2) | <0.001 | 52.58 [43.04 to 60.56] |
| Hypertension | 112 (66.3) | 96 (50.5) | 0.003 | 15.75 [5.53 to 25.47] |
| Coronary artery disease | 48 (28.4) | 41 (21.6) | 0.135 | 6.82 [−2.12 to 15.75] |
| Congestive heart failure | 46 (27.2) | 6 (3.2) | <0.001 | 24.06 [16.96 to 31.42] |
| Diabetes | 30 (17.8) | 29 (15.3) | 0.525 | 2.49 [−5.18 to 10.31] |
| Cardiac surgery | 22 (13.0) | 9 (4.7) | 0.005 | 8.28 [2.42 to 14.59] |
| Other arrhythmia | 16 (9.5) | 21 (11.1) | 0.622 | −1.59 [−7.93 to 4.93] |
| Structural heart disease | 14 (8.3) | 9 (4.7) | 0.171 | 3.55 [−1.64 to 9.15] |
| Medication | ||||
| Anticoagulation | 131 (77.5) | 42 (22.1) | <0.001 | 55.41 [46.01 to 63.16] |
| Beta-blocker | 125 (74.0) | 74 (38.9) | <0.001 | 35.02 [24.99 to 43.99] |
| Digoxin | 22 (13.0) | 1 (0.5) | <0.001 | 12.49 [7.60 to 18.41] |
| Anti-arrhythmic drugs | 9 (5.3) | 4 (2.1) | 0.103 | 3.22 [−0.83 to 7.88] |
Values are mean ± standard deviation and number (percentages). In the last column values are mean difference and [95% Confidence Interval of the Difference]. Values for dicotomical variables in this column (e.g., sex or hypertension) are percentages.
AF, atrial fibrillation; CI, confidence interval; HR, heart rate; PPG, photoplethysmography and SR, sinus rhythm.
*Mean difference and [95% confidence interval of the difference] values for Age, BMI, and HR are years, kg/m2 and min–1.