Table 2.

The effectiveness of exosomes/miRNAs as targets for mesodermal lineage disorders

Sources	miRNAs	In vitro	In vivo	References
BM-MSC	miR-22		Reduce apoptosis in ischemic cardiomyocytes, ameliorated fibrosis and improve cardiac function post-myocardial infarction in mice	(120)
	miR-4532, miR-125b-5p, and miR-4516		Promote fracture healing in mice	(121)
	miR-494	Promote myogenesis and angiogenesis	Promote muscle regeneration in mice	(122)
	miR-92a-3p	Enhance chondrocyte proliferation, migration, and cartilage development	Inhibit cartilage degradation in mice	(151)
	miR-135b	Enhance chondrocyte proliferation	Enhance chondrocyte proliferation in rat	(152)
	miR-885-5p	Regulates BMP2-induced osteogenic differentiation		(147)
	miR-320c	Enhance BMSC chondrogenesis		(153)
	miR-140-5p	Promote adipocyte differentiation		(154)
ASC	miR-100-5p	Inhibit cell apoptosis, promote anabolism in IL-1 β-induced chondrocytes, and enhance the level of autophagy	Prevent the cartilage destruction	(155)
		Exert a major neuroprotective role		(156)
		Promote proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs	Promote bone regeneration in critical-sized calvarial defects in mice	(157)
	miR-218	Promote osteogenic differentiation		(149)
Synovium-MSC	miR-140-5p	Activate YAP, decrease ECM secretion, and induce proliferation and migration of articular chondrocytes	Slow the progression of early OA and prevent the severe damage of OA in rat	(158)
iPSC-MSC		Promote migration and proliferation of chondrocytes and hBMSCs	Provide a mode for cartilage regeneration and promote integration	(123)
		Promote osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and bone formation	Promote bone regeneration in critical-sized calvarial defects in rat	(124)
		Promote endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and tube formation	Promote blood perfusion and attenuate severe hind-limb ischemia of mice	(159)
		Promote angiogenesis in endothelial cells	Prevent bone loss and increase angiogenesis in rat	(160)