Fig. 1.

Morphology and viability of hES-MSCs under normal and hypoxic conditions. (A) Morphological analysis of hES-MSCs cultured under normal (21% O₂) and various hypoxic incubation conditions (0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 5% O₂) for 24, 48 and 72 h. The morphology was observed using an optical microscope; Magni-fication: 400×. (B) Cell viability was assessed using CCK-8 cell viability assay; (n=6, mean±SEM; ns, *p< 0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 and ****p<0.0001 vs. normal condition using One-way ANOVA-Dunnett’s multiple comparison test).