Table 1.
Function and concentration of supplyments such as cytokines and small molecules in vascular organoids
| Cytokines/small molecules | Function | Concentration |
|---|---|---|
| Y-27632 | 1. Rho-related coiled-coil formation protein kinase inhibitors can effectively promote the hPSC aggreation to enrich cells collection | 50 μM |
| CHIR99021 | 1. Potent and highly selective inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3; allows formation of extended pluripotent stem cells | 12 μM |
| BMP-4 | 1. Transforming growth factor-beta superfamily ligand that is widely expressed from early embryogenesis through adulthood | 30 ng/ml |
| 2. It plays an important role in mesenchyme formation, epidermal determination and the development of multiple organs. the heterodimers can induce the formation of mesoderm | ||
| VEGF-A | 1. A potent mediator of both angiogenesis in the fetus and adult | 100 ng/ml |
| 2. It is required during embryogenesis to regulate the proliferation, migration, and survival of endothelial cells | ||
| FGF-2 | 1. A member of the FGF superfamily of mitogenic proteins | 100 ng/ml |
| 2. It stimulates proliferation of all cells of mesodermal origin as well as many cells of ectodermal, and endodermal origin | ||
| 3.It participates in the development of cell proliferation and angiogenesis in vivo | ||
| PDGF-BB | 1. PDGF isoforms are potent mitogens for connective tissue cells | 1∼10 ng/ml |
| 2. It plays an important role in neuron survival and regeneration, and in mediation of glial cell proliferation and differentiation | ||
| Activin a | 1. Tumor growth factor-beta inhibitor, involved in the biological processes of hematopoiesis | 1∼10 ng/ml |
| SB431542 | 1. Potent and selective inhibitor of the transforming growth factor-β type I receptor/ALK5, stimulates proliferation and differentiation of ESC-derived endothelial cells | 50 nM |
| SB203580 | 1. Selective inhibitor of p38 MAPK, essential component of medium for maintaining stem cells in naive pluripotent state | 100 nM |
| SP600125 | 1. Selective JNK inhibitor, competitively and reversibly inhibits JNK1, 2 and 3, essential component of medium for maintaining stem cells in naive pluripotent state | 50 nM |